Mrs. T. A. Saunders

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Social Studies level II

• Mrs. T. A. Saunders
• St. Annes School

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Overview

• The Taino Arawaks of the Bahamas were known as
  the Lucayans.
• They were the first inhabitants of The Bahamas
  Islands.
• The Arawaks were brown-skinned, peaceful and
  easy-going people.
• They hunted small animals, fished and cultivated
  manioc and cassava.
• They made canoes from the trunks of trees.
• They were the people who greeted Christopher
  Columbus in 1492.

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The ArawaksObjective To describe the first
inhabitants of the Bahamas

• WHERE DID THE ARAWAKS COME FROM?
• The Arawaks were amongst the many Amerindian
  tribes whose forefathers had migrated to North
  America from Asia by way of the Bering Strait.
• They wandered into South America and settled
  along the Northern Banks of the Orinoco River.
• Around 250 B.C., the Taino Arawaks moved up
  through islands of the Lesser Antilles in canoes.
  
• They reached and settled in the Greater Antilles,
  and islands like Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico,
  Jamaica and many of the islands of The Bahamas.

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WHAT DID THEY LOOK LIKE?

• The Arawaks were a brown-skinned, tall people
  with broad faces and slanting eyes these two
  features are considered Monogoloid.
• They had straight black hair that was typically
  cut in a pudding-basin style short in front
  and long in the back.
• The heads if new born babies were flattened by
  fastening flat boards to them.
• This was for fashion and beauty.
• It was also done because it thickened the bone
  which was an added protection for them against
  their vicious enemies, the Caribs.

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• They painted their faces and sometimes their
  bodies with red, white, yellow, purple and black
  mixtures.
• There was also double reason for this
• These colours had a magical and religious meaning
• The colours helped to keep the mosquitoes away.
• Arawaks wore a cotton loin cloth and sometimes
  bound their limbs with bands of cotton thread
  which had the ugly effect of not allowing their
  arms and legs to grow properly.
• They often tattooed themselves and wore ornaments
  of easily available material such as shells,
  bones and feathers.
• Homework Using the description given, draw and
  colour an Arawak man.

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HOW DID THEY LIVE?Objective Describe the
lifestyle and means of survival of the Arawaks

• The Arawaks lived in a co-operative way with
  groups of families sharing houses and what they
  obtained from hunting, fishing and farming.
• Each settlement was small (never more than 15
  houses) set well back from the beach.
• The ruler and priest of the settlement was a
  person called the Cacique.
• Everyone except the cacique lived in a house that
  was either long and narrow or well bell-shaped,
  caneye.
• The Caciques house was much larger and
  square-shaped, bohio.

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• Classwork
• Create a chart with three columns.
• In Column one, define the roles of male Arawaks
• In column two, define the roles of female Arawaks
• In column three, define the roles of the Cacique
  read pages 4-14 to complete).

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RELIGION THEIR BELIEFsObjective illustrate
the belief system of the Arawaks

• The Cacique was responsible for taking care of
  the sacred images of the tribe, called the zemis.
• These were created by the Arawaks out of clay,
  cotton, wood or stone and took the form of
  humans, reptiles and birds.
• The Arawaks worshipped nature and their
  ancestors.
• The zemi represented god who was the lord of
  the land, sea and man.
• The presence of zemis made the Arawaks feel like
  they were always blessed by the spirit.
• Homework List three similarities and three
  differences between the Arawak religion and your
  religion.

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• There was a zemi for everyone of the Arawaks
  need e.g. hunting, farming, fishing or war.
• The zemis had a special place in each hut and
  offerings of food cassavawere placed on the
  flat crown of the zemi to satisfy the spirit .
• During religious ceremonies, the cacique smoked
  large amounts of tobacco and inhaled other herbal
  drugs to get these messages across to the
  spirits.
• The Arawaks used Y shaped pipes to draw fine
  narcotic powders into their noses.
• This snuff was powdered tobacco leaves called
  cohoba or coyaba, which in the native language
  also meant heaven.

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Review the Cacique role in Government

• The Cacique organized the work of the village.
• He would gather with the mitaynos or headsmen of
  the tribe and discuss the organization of the
  community.
• The cacique had the final say in all matters
  affecting the tribe.
• Each member of the village knew his own job. Jobs
  like fishing, cleaning and planting fields were
  done by the whole community.

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THE FATE OF THE ARAWAKSObjective Describe the
ultimate fate of the Arawaks and their encounter
with Christopher

• The Arawaks lived in constant fear of their
  neighbours, the Caribs who were fierce warriors
  that practiced cannibalism.
• They had driven the Arawaks north from South
  America, taking over their islands step by step.
• If the Arawaks were unfortunate, enough to be
  captured, the men were eaten, while the women
  became slaves to the Carib Men.
•  Few realized that with Columbus discovery of
  the New World, the Arawaks would disappear and
  the Caribs would survive.
• The Arawaks were taken as labourers to work in
  the mines and plantations of Hispaniola.
• Some died on the voyage southward, while others
  perished from hard work and pitiable conditions
  of the Encomienda System.

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ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

• Spanish settlers had been given large grants and
  the right to organize the Indians on their land
  to work for them.
• In return, the settlers were supposed to
• protect the Indians
• convert them to Christianity
• Teach them to be civilized
• The Arawaks were subjected to cruel torture if
  they tried to resist.
• Homework Complete Mapwork and Using terms on
  Page 14.

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THE RENAISSANCEObjective To describe the single
the point that evolved the development of the
world.

• WHAT IS THE RENAISSANCE?
• The term Renaissance means rebirth of learning or
  knowledge.
• This period of history took place between the
  13th and 16th Century.
• It was a time of knowledge, creativity and
  discoveries.
• The rediscovery of Greek and Roman learning led
  to great inventions which encouraged Europeans to
  explore the world.

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• The renaissance brought about many inventions to
  the area of sailing.
• It helped the sailors in their explorations in
  three main ways
• New instruments for navigation
• Astronomy
• Shipbuilding
• The new instruments included
• The compass
• The astrolabe
• The quadrant
• The lead

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• The Renaissance caused many people to begin the
  study of astronomy in a serious manner.
• The North Star was used to help the navigator to
  learn of where they were and where they were
  going.
• This enabled sailors to go further away from the
  shore and still be able to return home.
• European ships became much larger and more
  suitable for open ocean voyages.
• A new way of planking the ships was developed
  and this allowed ships to be larger and more
  airtight.

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• The improvements developed a kind of ship called
  the caravel.
• Instead of using only one mast, three or four
  masts were used, allowing the ships to move
  faster.
• A rudder was moved to the back of the boat
  instead of using oars.
• The larger boats allowed more provisions to be
  taken for long voyages, as well as being able to
  bring back more cargo.
• A combination of square sails (to increase speed)
  and lateen triangle sails (to catch the wind
  from any direction) were used.
• This new type of boat was called a carrack.

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MEN OF THE RENAISSANCE

• In the Middle Ages mans early life had been seen
  only as a preparation for life after death.
• The men of the Renaissance emphasized the
  importance of mans happiness on earth.
• The new way of thinking was shown in the works
  of artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and
  Michelangelo.
• Copernicus the great scientist claimed that earth
  was not the centre of the universe nor was it
  flat, but was one of the many planets and was
  round.
• The great astronomer, Galileo confirmed this.
• The discovery of printing by Gutenberg enabled
  more people to acquire books and read them for
  themselves.

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Homework

• Tasks and Activities Page 19
• Find out about the Sistine Chapel and answer the
  following
• What does it look like?
• When was it built?
• How long did it take Michelangelo to paint it?
• Write a paragraph on Michelangelo
• Find a picture of the Sistine chapel.
• Find a picture of another piece of his works.

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European Exploration and ExpansionObjective To
describe the European motives for exploration
outside of the continent

• Marco Polo was one of the first Europeans to make
  a successful trip from Europe to Asia.
• For nearly two centuries later, 15th there had
  been little communication or travel to Asia due
  to a war with the Moors.
• During the war, Europeans were attempting to take
  back their lands from Moors, while converting
  these Muslims to Christians and in addition to
  European slaves.
• This increased the power of the European
  countries, particularly Spain who had emerged as
  powerful after the uniting of Aragon and Castile.

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• The war ended in 1492, and at this encouraged the
  Europeans to seek out other lands.
• They set their interests on Asia.
• The only route to Asia was known as the Silk
  Route.
• Only few were successful persons before the
  Ottoman Turks closed the route to the European.
• Additionally, the treasures that they hoped to
  get would be too much to take back this way.

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• Prince Henry of Portugal, established a school of
  navigation at Sagres, of the coast of Portugal.
• Bartholomew Diaz and Vasco de Gama, two of his
  students, were able to find a route to Asia,
  around the cape of Good Hope.
• The Spanish and the Portuguese, although
  neighbours, these two countries were enemies.
• Learning that Portugal had found a route made
  Spain want to establish its own route.
• Christopher Columbus was a Sailor from Genoa
  Italy who had read about the riches of China from
  a book written by Marco Polo.
• He took his theory of the world being round to
  the King and Queen and promised that he would be
  able to sail to the Indies by sailing west into
  the ocean.

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• There were several factors that motivated
  Europeans to support Columbus idea, or go out
  and explore on their own
• The lands found could be added to Spains or
  Portugals territory
• They natives of the lands could be converted to
  Christianity
• They wanted to prove themselves as professional
  navigators.
• They wanted to become rich through trade
• They and adventure and fame that was to be
  gained.
• Additionally, the church, who power was equal to
  that of the Monarchs began to loosen its control
  over the lives of Europeans and became satisfied
  with the idea of Europeans converting the heathen
  natives into Christianity.

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Enterprise of the IndiesObjective To describe
the discovery on the New World and the first
voyage of Christopher Columbus

• Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451.
• In may of 1476, Columbus has an encounter with
  persons presumed to be Pirates, and this changed
  the course of his life into one of greater
  adventure.
• Initially Columbus joined his brother,
  Bartholomew and became a Cartographer in
  Portugal.
• He soon took advantage of the era of discovery
  that plagued Europe at the time and became a
  master-mariner for the Portuguese service.
• He life as a sailor further intrigued his
  interest in the locating the world outside of
  Europe.
• He had a comfortable life, but was interested in
  finding the treasure of China.

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• Columbus estimated that the coast of Japan would
  only be 2,400 miles from the coast Europe and the
  trip would only take three weeks.
• Columbus found great difficultly in securing
  financing for the Enterprise of the Indies in
  Portugal.
• When his wife died in 1483, he sought aid from
  Spain.
• The Spanish court took six years to reach a
  negative decision.
• The still motivated Columbus, decided to head for
  France.
• On the day he was to leave he received word from
  the Queen that his proposal was indeed accepted.

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• After three months of preparation Columbus and
  his crew of 90 men set sail from Palos, Spain on
  August 3, 1492 with three ships. The Nina, Pinta
  and Santa Maria.
• A first stop was made in the Canary Islands, this
  took one week.
• The journey was delayed but to a broken rudder on
  the Pinta.
• The repair took another three weeks and the crew
  left for The Indies on September 9, 1492.
• During the stopover on the canaries, lanteen
  sails had been put onto the Nina.
• Life on the ship was miserable as only the
  captains had sleeping quarters and the sailors
  had to sleep where they could.
• This voyage was aided through the compass , the
  quadrant and the hourglass.

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• There had been several false alarms on the ship
  where sailors thought that they had spotted land.
• An issue arose on the ship when the compass
  changed directions and the sailors were concerned
  that they were no longer sailing North.
• This matter was calmed by Columbus.
• On October 7th, the direction of the ships was
  altered in order to follow a flock of birds that
  had flown over the ship.
• The crew had not seen land for more than 28 days.
• On October 9th, Columbus and the crew, who was at
  a point of mutiny, decided to turn back if land
  had not been sited in three days.
• At 2am on the morning of October 12th land was
  sited by Rodrigo de Triana.
• The island was called Guanahani by its natives
  and San Salvador by Columbus.

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The First landfallObjective describe Columbus
landfall and encounter with the Arawaks.

• Columbus set foot on the land knelt down and
  prayed.
• Proclaimed the land to be part of the territory
  of Spain
• Meeting the natives (Arawaks), became friends,
  traded gifts,
• He called them Indians since he thought he had
  reached India.
• Learning that the Arawaks got their gold further
  south, Columbus and his men continued on his
  journey
• Aside from visiting other islands of the Bahamas
  e.g. Rum Cay, Long Island, Crooked Island,
  Columbus sailed to Cuba and Hispaniola on this
  first voyage.
• RESULTS OF COLUMBUS FIRST VOYAGE TO THE NEW
  WORLD
• Europeans and the Arawaks met for the first time
  (The Old World meets the New World)
• Many Europeans visited and invested in the New
  World
• Christianity was introduced to the West
• The European Language and culture came to the
  West
• The Age of Colonization began

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Columbus First Voyage
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• Columbus and his crew made their way to
  Hispaniola in December of 1492.
• One of the ships became shipwrecked at this time
  and the crew of the ship was forced to get on
  board the other two ships.
• Those that were not able to get on board the
  ships, established a fort on Hispaniola, Fort
  Navidad, and this became the first Spanish
  settlement in the Caribbean.
• Columbus automatically became governor of the
  island but had to leave to return to Spain.
• During this time, his brother Bartholomew took
  over his post.
• There had been several wars between the Arawaks
  of Hispaniola and the Spaniards and the word got
  back to Spain.
• Nicolas de Ovando became governor is the island
  in 1502 and introduced the encomienda system to
  Hispaniola.
• The encomienda system is known as the cause of
  the genocide of the Amerindians in the Caribbean.

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Homework Questions

• Name four navigational aids improved upon during
  the Renaissance.
• Where was Christopher Columbus born?
• What does the word Renaissance mean?
• What country did Columbus first ask to support
  his voyage?
• Which country Sponsored Columbus voyage to the
  New World?
• Describe two problems faced by Columbus during
  this voyage.
• On what date did Columbus leave
• Spain
• Canary Islands
• On what did was land discovered?
• What was the name of the island on which Columbus
  first landed.?
• What did the natives call this island
• Where did Columbus and his crew this they had
  arrived?

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Review quiz

• Who were the Moors?
• Which person was responsible for establishing a
  school of Navigation? Which country did he
  belong to?
• Who was Marco Polo?
• What were three motives for European exploration?
• Which two countries did Columbus seek financing
  for his voyage?
• List three navigational instruments that helped
  Columbus during his trip.
• When did Columbus arrive in the Bahamas?
• Why did Columbus and his crew stay in the Canary
  Islands for so long?
• Where did Columbus think he had arrived on hid
  first landfall?
• What does the word Encomienda mean and what
  were two conditions of the system.

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Old World and New World

• Objective Review the meetings of the two worlds,
  Old World (Europe) and New World (Americas).
• Classwork Draw and label the instruments used
  on
• Columbus voyage
• Log
• Hourglass
• Throwing lead
• Compass
• Astrolabe
• Quadrant

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THE ELEUTHERAN ADVENTURERS

• Objective To discuss who the Eleutheran
  Adventurers were and where they came from.
• After the Lucayans died out, The Bahamas remained
  without settlers for nearly 200 years.
• The Adventurers were the first European Settlers
  in The Bahamas.
• They came from England and Bermuda in 1648.
• During the early 1600s Bermuda, a small island
  in the Atlantic was inhabited and settled by the
  English colonists.
• The English colony was ruled by Charles I.

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• The King and his ministers were attempting to
  force all Englishmen to worship in the Anglican
  Church and people who did not were discriminated
  against.
• The Colonists of Bermuda were no exception and
  many were independent worshippers.
• They were led by Captain William Sayle, an
  ex-governor of Bermuda and their quest for a land
  where they could worship freely.
• They decided to come to The Bahamas because they
  wished to have religious freedom.
• These Englishmen first settled in Eleuthera and
  were known as the Eleutherian Adventurers.
• The island was named "Eleutheria" as it came from
  the latin word for freedom.

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Royal GovernmentObjective To describe need for
the establishment ofRoyal government in the
Bahamas

• The pirates maintained control of The Bahamas for
  the remainder of the time that the Lord
  Proprietors had ownership, but did not appoint a
  governor.
• On October 28, 1717, the group of men sold all
  rights to the Bahamas to England for the sum of
  12,000 pounds.
• Woodes Rogers, privateer, who had been a
  courageous and strong commander during the war
  between England and Spain and was chosen to be
  the first Royal Governor of The Bahamas.

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Woodes Rogers Royal GovernorObjective To
identify the challenges and accomplishments of
Governor Woodes Rogers during his first term as
governor

• After being appointed by the King of England,
  Woodes Rogers arrived in Nassau on July 27, 1718.
• With him he brought ships, soldiers, cannons and
  settlers.
• Rogers set out to accomplish three main tasks
• Get control of the islands from the pirates, by
  peaceful means or otherwise.
• Establish a government.
• Clean up Nassau.
• Before Rogers arrival, the pirates heard that
  England was planning to do something about them
  and about 150 of them left the Bahamas.
• Rogers set out on his first task, the very first
  day that he arrived.
• He allowed the pirates who wanted to remain the
  Bahamas as law abiding citizens to take an oath
  of allegiance with England and on that day about
  300 pirates took the oath.

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• Rogers the moved on to his second mission and
  established a government of a council consisting
  of 12 men to assist in the running of the colony.
• In Nassau, filth and garbage was piled up high
  and houses were run down and not fit for people
  to live in.
• Disease caused by the filth spread through the
  town and the newcomers, who were not immune to
  the diseases as the inhabitants were fell ill.
• By the end of 1718, about 100 of them had died.
• For Rogers, although already establishing this
  goal, cleaned up Nassau as a matter of survival.
• Fort Nassau, in the West, was in complete
  shambles and there was no defense in the East at
  all.
• Rogers created a new goal to rebuild the town.
• He spent about 90,000 of his personal and
  invested money to fix Nassau, the fort and to
  maintain the soldiers.

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• After Rogers spent all of this money, he borrowed
  money to continue rebuilding Nassau.
• The pirates, who made up most of the population,
  were poor workers they either showed up for work
  late drunk.
• Many never showed up.
• Slowly they drifted to their old profession,
  piracy.
• Nassau became very vulnerable to attack, not just
  from the Spanish, but also from the pirates that
  were still in The Bahamas.
• Rather than being able to improve the colony,
  Rogers had to use his resources to once again
  combat the problem of piracy.
• He sent out ex-pirates to search for any pirates
  that were still in the colony they were
  captured, taken to Nassau, and quietly put in
  jail.
• In November, 1718, three pirates were sent to
  England for trial.

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• In December 1718 Rogers decided placed ten
  pirates on trial in Nassau.
• They were found guilty and sentenced to a public
  hanging.
• One who was found to be underage was pardoned,
  but the others were hanged without incident.
• In 1719, England went to war against Spain again
  and this was an incentive for the pirates to work
  harder as they could act privateers, legal
  pirates.
• By 1720, Fort Nassau was put back to good
  condition and was armed with 50 guns.
• On February 24, 1720, the Spanish attacked New
  Providence with a band of 1,300 men with them.

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• There were only 500 men, mostly ex-pirates on the
  island to defend the settlement however they
  were successful in their defense.
• The Spanish returned to Havana having done little
  damage to the town.
• In 1721, after two years and nine months in
  Nassau, Rogers was forced to return to England.
• The two main reasons for his return were
• to regain his health and
• to look for more money.
• When Rogers arrived in England, he was dismissed
  as the governor and was put into debtors prison
  because he was unable to pay his debts.

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GEORGE PHENNEYS TERM IN OFFICEObjective Give
the accomplishments of George Phenney as Governor
of the Bahamas and reason for his short term

• George Phenney was appointed as the new Royal
  Governor of The Bahamas in 1721.
• When he arrived all was quiet in the colony,
  there was no longer a problem with pirates.
• New Providence had a population of 750, Eleuthera
  had 240 people and Harbour Island had 150
  residents.
• The inhabitants of The Bahamas made a living by
  selling wood, salt, wrecked goods, turtles and
  turtle shells.
• Many of the settlers brought by Rogers were
  farmers and they had been working hard to grow
  fruits.
• The goods were exported to England and in America.

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•  George Phenney introduced a new industry to The
  Bahamas.
• Phenney brought some Bermudian women to the
  colony to show the women how to sew leaves of
  palm trees into baskets, mats and other items.
• This was the beginning of the straw-work industry
  in The Bahamas.
• Phenney brought some cannons with him to place in
  Fort Nassau.
• The Spanish had once again become a threat to the
  colony.
• The problem with the cannons Phenney brought were
  that they were too large and the Fort could not
  support them.

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Homework due next class P. 54 Complete the
Class discussion question A. Did Woodes
Rogers

• George Phenneys biggest problem was his wife.
• She was described as a hard-mouthed, ambitious
  woman who dominated and abused everyone she met.
• Mrs. Phenney monopolized the import and export
  trade of the colony.
• She charged the inhabitants very high prices for
  goods she sold and often forgot to pay for the
  tins she bought.
• George Phenney was dismissed, mainly because of
  his wife in 1729.
• Woodes Rogers was returned as Governor of The
  Bahamas.

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Woodes Rogers Second TermObjective To identify
Woodes Rogers success during his second term in
office and the establishment of the House of
Assembly

• Woodes Rogers returned to The Bahamas as
  governor in August 1729.
• He brought with him his son and daughter while
  his wife remained in England.
• This time as Governor, Rogers was given a salary
  of 400 per year and this money was used to help
  the settlement Fort Nassau, which was again in
  need of repair.
• Three weeks before Woodes Rogers arrived, the
  island of New Providence was hit by a hurricane
  and the island had been badly damaged.

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CW/HW P. 60. The American War of Independence A-C

• During his second term as Governor, Rogers was
  responsible for organizing the first House of
  Assembly.
• Twenty-four men were elected from the colony
• 16 men to represent New Providence
• 4 men to represent Eleuthera
• 4 men to represent Harbour Island.
• The House of Assembly met for the first time on
  September 29, 1729.
• John Colebrooke was chosen to be Speaker of the
  House.
• He became Rogers enemy and opposed the Governor
  all the time as he tried to dominate the Assembly
  and caused some of the members to turn against
  Rogers.
• Rogers tried to promote new industries in The
  Bahamas sugar and cotton plantations established
  as well as shipbuilding.
• In 1731, Rogers recommended to England that they
  should buy the Proprietors interest in The
  Bahamas. Rogers died on July 15, 1732.
• In 1733, England reached a settlement with the
  proprietors.

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THE LOYALISTSObjective To describe the cause
for the settlement and first few months of the
Loyalists living in the Bahamas

• In 1776, America declared its independence from
  England.
• The people if America did not want to be ruled by
  England anymore.
• A war broke out between America and England. The
  Americans were divided into two groups, The
  Rebels and The United Empire Loyalists.
• The Rebels were those people who wanted their
  freedom from England and the Loyalists were those
  people who wanted to remain under the British
  Rule.
• The Rebels won the war and got their
  independence.
• When the war of Independence was over, the
  Loyalists were treated poorly by The Rebels.
• They were forced to leave their homes and land.
• The Loyalists in the northern part of America
  went into Canada which was still under British
  Rule.
• The Loyalists in the southern part of America
  moved into The Bahamas which was also under the
  British Rule.

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• In 1782, the population of The Bahamas was about
  4,000 people.
• New Providence had 2, 750 people, Harbour Island
  had 500 residents, Eleuthera had 450 and long
  Island, Cat Island and Exuma combined had a total
  of 250 people.
• The population was divided so that there was an
  equal number of blacks and whites in the colony.
• The first Loyalists arrived in Nassau in 1783.
• They were very poor and received aid from the
  British Government.
• There were two major problems in Nassau that were
  caused by the arrival of the Loyalists.
• These were
• Lack of shelter and
• Lack of food

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• Army tents and lean tos were used to house the
  loyalists. Almost all food had to be shipped into
  the colony.
•  The Loyalists continued to arrive in The Bahamas
  until March 1785.
• It is estimated that between 5000 to 7000
  Loyalists and their slaves arrived during this
  time.
• The population of The Bahamas was tripled and
  blacks now outnumbered whites three to one.
• It was suggested that the British Government
  should give land in The Bahamas to the Loyalists,
  but the Lord Proprietors still held ownership of
  the islands.
• After several large sums of money were paid to
  the Lord Proprietors, title to The Bahamas was
  finally given to England in 1787.

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• Each head of a Loyalist family was given 40 acres
  of land.
• An additional 20 acres was given to every other
  member of the family.
• This caused a land rush in the islands.
• The Loyalists searched all the islands looking
  for good farmland.
• When suitable land was found, huts were built for
  the slaves and manors were built for the owners
  and managers.

53
Cotton PlantationsTo describe the development of
industry in the Bahamas through cotton

• The climate of The Bahamas was suitable for
  growing cotton.
• Since most of the Loyalists were cotton farmers,
  they began to build a number of cotton
  plantations in the islands.
• The cotton grew well and quickly. The farmers
  were very enthusiastic and hopeful about their
  homes in The Bahamas.
• The cotton thrived and The Bahamas enjoyed a
  period of prosperity.
• By 1778, there were 128 large cotton plantations
  and many more smaller one spread on islands
  throughout The Bahamas.
•  Disaster struck the cotton plantations in 1789
  when almost the entire crop of cotton was
  destroyed.
• Two types of insects, the chenille worm and the
  red-dye bug, destroyed most of the cotton.

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• Over the next few years the damage was not as
  great.
• In this time, a new problem had arisen the soil
  in The Bahamas is very shallow and the nutrients
  that the cotton plants needed to grow were taken
  out and not replaced.
• The cotton plantations began to die out and by
  1830 almost all of the cotton farmers were gone.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE LOYALISTSObjective
Describe the long term impact of the Loyalists
through the changes made by their settlement.

• The arrival of The Loyalists had great impact on
  The Bahamas.
• The population of the country was tripled in a
  very short time.
• Islands that had not been inhabited before had
  permanent residents.
• For the first time, blacks outnumbered whites
  three to one.
• The cotton plantations were established in the
  islands.
• The revenue of The Bahamas was increased by the
  sale of cotton.
• Many new roads were built and the Loyalists
  brought with them a new religion.

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• Most of the Loyalists were Anglicans and they
  introduced this religion to The Bahamas.
• The first newspaper was printed by the
  Loyalists. It was started in 1784 and was called
  The Bahamas Gazette.
• The Loyalists also established the shipbuilding
  industry at Man-O-War Cay, Abaco.
• Many new buildings were built because of the
  Loyalists.
• These include St. Matthews Church (built in
  1802), Christ Church cathedral, a jail (built
  1788-1789), Fort Fincastle (built 1789), Fort
  Charlotte (built 1787 -1789), the Nassau Public
  Libraries and a few schools.

57
Homework due WednesdayObjective QuestionsRead
pages 57 - 60

• Where did the name Loyalist come from?
• Why were the younger colonies closer to
  Britain?
• Give three examples of how the Americans bullied
  the Loyalist.
• In which year did the loyalist begin to move to
  East Florida?
• Which European country owned East Florida after
  1783?
• Which individual recommended that the Loyalist
  move to the Bahamas?
• How much land was given to each head of family?
• Who was not to receive land?
• Give the name of three plantations set up in New
  Providence?
• Which crop did the Loyalists had become experts
  at planting?
• What was the name of person who invented the
  cotton gin?

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• List the three causes of the decline in cotton in
  the Bahamas?
• What was the changes in the ratio of Blacks to
  Whites in the Bahamas?
• Which two Anglican churches were built by the
  Loyalist?
• Which advancement did John Wells bring to the
  Bahamas?
• Since the settlement of the Loyalist what is Man
  O War Cay known for?

59
HISTORY OF THE SLAVE TRADEObjective To
identify the reason for the beginning of the
African Slave trade.HW p.66 A-D

• Slavery has been carried out in the world for
  thousands of years Asia, Europe and Africa.
• Some people became slaves because their parents
  were slaves.
• Others were made into slaves as punishment for
  crimes they had committed.
• Slavery began in the new world after the Spanish
  had killed off the Arawaks in 1510.
• The Spanish wanted to use the Caribs after the
  Arawaks were gone, but the Caribs were too fierce
  to be used as workers and there were not many of
  them.

60

• There continued to be a demand for people to work
  in the mines and on plantations, Africans were
  first brought to the New World by the Spanish in
  early 1580s.
• Later other countries joined in the trade of
  slaves.
• African slaves were brought to Haiti, then to
  other West Indian Islands.
• In the mid 1600s plantation owners in the
  Caribbean turned from growing tobacco to sugar.
• Sugar plantations needed more workers to be in
  the fields and to run the machinery that crushed
  the cane and boiled the juice which turned into
  sugar.

61

• The plantation owners preferred African Slaves
  for the jobs because the Africans
• Could be obtained in large numbers
• Came from a similar climate and so did not mind
  the heat of the tropics
• Were immune to tropical diseases
• Were physically strong
• After the introduction of the sugar plantations,
  the number of African slaves brought into the New
  World escalated tremendously.

62
SLAVERY IN WEST AFRICAObjective To describe the
capture and sale of slaves in West Africa

• The African slaves brought to the new world were
  taken from West Africa.
• The Europeans did not capture the slaves
  themselves.
• They stayed in forts on the Coasts and African
  Chiefs raided forests for slaves.
• Slaves were also captured in tribal wars or raids
  on villages.
• After being captured, the slaves were marched to
  the coast a distance of around 200 miles.
• The slaves were often chained together at the
  ankles and sometimes over the neck.
• Anyone who slowed down the caravan whether for
  illness or injury, was left to die.

63

• It was important that the caravan travel quickly
  because there was usually a ship waiting on the
  coast, they kept in barracoons.
• These structures were part of the fort to prevent
  the slaves from being stolen by other slaves.
• The slaves were examined by the ships doctor
  before they were taken abroad.
• Any old people or persons with bad lips, eyes or
  teeth were rejected.
• The slaves that were accepted were branded on the
  chest with a red-hot iron.
• The Brand showed which country had bought the
  slave.

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Homework Questions

• Who brought the first slaves to the Bahamas?
• During which period did the Bahamas see its
  increased in slaves?
• What are the provisions made for slaves?
• List five of the products developed in Africa
  that were suitable for trade.
• What benefit did the Trans-Saharan trade provide
  for Africa?
• Africa is divided into two regions what are they?
• List three kingdoms of each region.
• List three conditions under which a person became
  a slave.
• Which Europeans were the first to engage in the
  slave trade?
• Where can Elimina castle be found?

65
THE TRIANGULAR TRADEObjective To define the
purpose and routes of the trade triangle

• The slave trade was only one part of a triangle
  that joined Europe, West Africa and the New World
  (The Caribbean and North America).
• This was known as the Triangular Trade.
• Ships loaded with cotton goods, firearms or iron
  bars would leave Europe for the West Coast of
  Africa where these goods were exchanged for
  slaves.
• The slaves would be taken to the new world where
  they were sold for sugar, cotton, tobacco,
  molasses and rum.
• These products were then carried back to Europe
  where they were sold to start the whole procedure
  again.

66
THE MIDDLE PASSAGEObjective Identify the most
treacherous part of the triangle of trade

• The Middle Passage was the most important part of
  the Triangular Trade. This was the part of the
  trade that took the slaves from West Africa to
  the New World.
• A slave ship usually carried 500 to 600 slaves
  packed in the hold of the ship like sardines in a
  tin They had no elbow space and could not move
  about because they were chained.
• Men, women and children were all packed together
  with no toilet facilities and filth all about.
• They were fed a scant diet on which they barely
  existed.

67

•  The journey lasted from six to eight weeks.
• During this time many of the slaves died from
  diseases, suffocation and suicide. Sometimes
  slaves were thrown overboard to lighten the ship
  if they were chased by pirates or if there was a
  storm.
• A few days before the ship arrived in the West
  Indies, where ships were to be sold, they brought
  them on the deck to be washed down, oiled and
  freshened in preparation for sale.

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SALE IN THE WEST INDIES

•  Their arrival in the West Indies was announced
  by newspaper, posters, advertisements and
  sometimes bell-ringers.
• The slaves were inspected before they were sold
  as though they were animals.
• Families were often separated and never saw each
  other again.
• The slaves became the legal property of whoever
  bought them.
• It is estimated that about 15 to 20 million negro
  slaves were brought out of Africa over the period
  the slave trade lasted.
• African slaves had to adjust to strange people, a
  strange land and strange customs.
• They had to learn a new language and to work
  whenever they were told to.

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ORGANIZATION

• As slaves became more and more necessary in the
  West Indies and in the Americas, governments
  began forming national companies to provide
  slaves their own colonies.
• At the beginning of the slave trade, the slave
  ships sailed to the African coast and waited for
  weeks and months while the chiefs found
  sufficient Negroes for them.
• It soon became obvious that a more organized
  method was needed.
• The national companies were given a monopoly by
  its government.
• In return for this privilege, they had to
  maintain the forests and defend national
  interests in trade.

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• The national companies sent out licensed traders
  to Africa to exchange manufactured goods for
  slaves.
• Some of these goods include hats, swords,
  hammers, bells, brass bracelets, and iron jugs.
• In Africa, the traders made contact with the
  resident agent called a factor whose jobs was to
  see to it that the slaves were available when the
  ships arrived and help negotiate the purchase of
  slaves along with the ships captain.

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Slave Narrative Olaudah Equiano

• 1. When was he born and where?
• Ans 1745 in Nigeria
• 2. Who was he kidnapped with?
• Ans His Sister
• 3. How many times was he sold?
• Ans 10 times
• Where did he originally think he had ended up?
• Ans A world of bad spirits
• 5. Give two ways the persons on the ship were
  different from him?
• Ans Hair, Language and Skin Colour
• 6. What role did the Black people he saw around
  when he recovered from fainting play in his being
  on the ship?
• They had brought him on board.
• 7. What is the first thing he noticed when he was
  taken under the deck?
• Ans The Smell
• 8. Why was he not chained?
• Ans Because he was so young
• 9. Why did the Slaves on board jump overboard?
• Ans Because they chose death over slavery

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SLAVERY IN THE BAHAMASObjective To describe the
conditions of slavery in the Bahamas

• The position of The Bahamas on the map was
  excellent for buying slaves Ships on their way
  to North America often stopped in Nassau first
  giving Bahamian planters first choice for slaves.
• Slave auctions were held at Vendue House.
• Slaves in The Bahamas were treated far better
  than in other places in North America and The
  Caribbean.
• This was probably because they were few large
  plantations with more than 100 slaves and most
  plantation owners looked after their own slaves.
• On each plantation slave family had its own plot
  of land where they grew vegetables and fruits for
  their personal use.
• They were often allowed holidays and did not
  work on Sundays.
• However, some Bahamian masters were cruel and
  whipped their slaves.

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• The slaves were used as fishermen and hunted
  turtles.
• Other slaves worked in their masters homes.
• Their jobs included looking after the children,
  cooking, waiting on tables, washing and cleaning.
  
• The majority of slaves were used on farms or
  plantations growing food or cotton.
• They would prepare the land, plant the cotton,
  weed, pick cotton and then bale it.
• Field slaves tended cattle, built and mended
  fences, thatched roofs and built houses.

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EMANCIPATIONObjective Describe the movement
toward the freedom of slaves in the Bahamas

•  For a long time, the slave trade was an accepted
  practice and few people objected to it.
• The Europeans thought they were helping the
  Africans by taking them from the forests and
  moving them to civilization.
• The fact the Europeans were making money from the
  slave trade made it more acceptable.
• Eventually, the horrors of the middle passage
  became public. Pressure was put on the English
  Government and in 1772, slavery was stopped in
  England.
• After1776, slavery became very rare in Northern
  United States.

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Slave Resistance

• What did slaves begin to do after they got over
  the initial shock of being taken away to a
  strange new land?
• They began thinking of way to get free
• 2. When did the task system begin?
• About 1800
• 3. What system did the task system replace?
• The Gang system
• 4. How did the task system work?
• Slave would be placed in groups and given a task
  to complete
• 5. What did slaves often do in the time after
  they were done working?
• Runaway
• 6. Where did most of the free colored live?
• In the over-the-hill area
• 7. What month and year was the ad for the runaway
  slave posted?
• January 1786
• What was the name of the run-away slave?
• Jackson
• 9. How did some house slaves get back at their
  masters?
• By poisoning them

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• A religious group known as the Quakers decided to
  try and end slavery throughout the British
  Empire.
• The Quakers got the help of William Wilberforce
  to present their case in British Parliament.
• Finally, in 1807, the British parliament made it
  illegal to engage in the slave trade.
• This did not make it illegal to own slaves only
  to sell them. In spite of this, the slave trade
  carried on illegally for a while.
• William Wilberforce argued that no man should own
  another human being.
• He also spoke of separation of families, of the
  degradation of the slave auction, of the hardship
  of the slave life, and of the cruelty of the
  overseers and masters.

77

• The people who supported slavery argued that
  slavery was acceptable because it was mentioned
  in the bible.
• They believed that the Africans were inferior to
  the whites and could benefit from being in
  civilization.
• They also felt that the Africans should be
  converted to Christianity.
• Their main argument was that slavery was
  necessary for the production of cotton, tobacco
  and sugar.
• The movement to abolish slavery finally won
  enough support in Parliament. In 1833, a bill was
  passed that would end slavery in the British
  Empire.
• The Emancipation Act was to go into effect on
  August 1st, 1834.
• The slaves would become fully free after serving
  as apprentices for a few years.

78
Map of the Atlantic
79
THE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMMEObjective To
outline the Apprenticeship scheme as a part of
the Emancipation of slaves

•  The apprenticeship programme was meant to help
  the slaves adjust to being free as a transition
  period between slavery and freedom.
• Its details required that the freed slave had
  to work for their former master for 45 hours per
  week and in return the ex-owners had to clothe
  and feed them.
• The Apprenticeship period began August 1 1834 and
  ended on August 1st, 1838.
• When the programme ended, the struggling
  plantations collapsed completely and many
  Bahamians faced poverty, but the ex-slaves were
  in a worse position.
• They were now set up subsistence farming or
  fished for a living as the majority of them did
  not have money, tools or skills to do these jobs
  properly.

80
SETTLEMENT OF EX-SLAVESObjective To identify
the various village /settlements that were
established for free coloureds and ex-slaves.

• The transatlantic slave trade ended in 1807 and
  between 1808 and 1838, Africans found on captured
  slave ships were brought to New Providence by the
  British Navy.
• The Governor of The Bahamas, Sir James Smyth
  decided to allow these blacks to settle on crown
  land.
• Settlements were set up in Grants Town, Adelaide
  and Carmichael and on the family islands others
  were set up in Exuma, San Salvador, Long Island,
  Rugged Island and Rum Cay.

81

• None of these except Grants Town were successful
  on its own as some were abandoned soon after they
  were set up.
• Others continued only with the help of the
  government.
• Some of the problems were
• The problems were that the Africans did nor share
  a common language
• They did not know how to gain a living from the
  Bahamian soil and sea.

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