Vitamins and Minerals PowerPoint originally prepared by

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Vitamins and Minerals

• PowerPoint originally prepared by
• Shanta Adeeb

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The Nature of Vitamins

• Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed
  for normal function, growth and maintenance.
• Vitamins are cofactors, they dont do anything by
  themselves.
• They are not a source of calories.

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The Nature of Vitamins

• Organic cofactors what is a cofactor?
• Water analogy, scissor analogy
• Physiological role specific metabolic function
• Prevents disease unlike supplements which may
  promote some thing or have general metabolic
  effect
• (ex. Omega 3s, fibers)
• Natural Synthetic (except Vitamin E)

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The Nature of Vitamins

• Nutritional Value lost by
• Light
• Heat
• Oxidation
• Bacteria
• Enzymes
• Insects
• (Nutritional value of baby food must be assured.)

Effect of packaging on nutrient loss in milk.
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The Nature of Vitamins

• Food processing can preserve nutrients.

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Vitamin Requirements

• Daily Values (DV) standard nutrient intake
  values developed by FDA
• Includes DRIs (Daily Recommended Intakes for
  Individuals) and (DRVs) Daily Recommended Values
  (Proteins, etc.)
• Disease prevention
• Best met through a consumption of a wide variety
  of foods

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Vitamin Requirements

• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendation
  for individuals (more accurate, but would be
  impossible to label)
• Age
• Gender
• Pregnancy
• Lactation

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Vitamin Requirements

• Daily Reference Values (DRV) standards
  established for protein and other dietary
  components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard
• Constitute part of the Daily Values (DV) used on
  food labels

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Dietary Supplements 6 Billion Market

• They are classified as Nutritional Supplements
  They are not foods, and not drugs.
• Supplements are Product intended to supplement
  the diet and contains vitamins, minerals,
  botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts.
• NOT consumed as a food replacement
• Loosely regulated, not evaluated by FDA
• By definition a drug is used to
• prevent, treat or cure disease.
• These terms cannot be used
• with supplements.

Use of some supplements is backed by scientific
data.
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Dr. Montvilles Favorite Supplements

• Glucosamine
• Omega 3
• Folic acid
• Ginko baloba
• Ground rhinos horn.

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Fat Soluble Vitamins

• A orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant-
  used as color and antioxidant
• D we make it with sunlight, deficiency causes
  rickets, in milk, regulates CaP ratios
• E tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing
  stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as
  antioxidant
• K contributes to blood clotting factor

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Vitamin A
Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant
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Vitamin A

• Carrotinoids Used in food industry as a colorant
  (orange) (label friendly)
• Antioxidant (label friendly)
• Stored in liver
• Important for sight
• Deficiency causes 500,000 cases of night
  blindness worldwide
• Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A
  can prevent night blindness
• Carrotenosis

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Vitamin D

• Also known as calciferol due to its role in
  calcium absorption
• Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium
  levels
• It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can
  make- in the presence of sunlight
• Can be made from cholesterol

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Vitamin D

• Can be stored in fat tissues (as can all fat
  soluble vitamins)
• Elderly and shut ins are at risk- not enough
  sunlight
• We get vitamin D form fortified milk and cereal
• Toxicity is very dangerous
• Occurs only from excess supplementation
• Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart
  and blood vessels

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Vitamin D
Rickets can be caused by lack of sunlight, but
also from insufficient calcium. Vitamin D linked
to calcium absorption. (Rickets reported in NYC.)
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Vitamin E

• A family of eight naturally occurring compounds
• Used as an anti-oxidant in foods
• Since aging is considered an oxidation
  reaction, many anti-oxidants are used as
  dietary supplements
• Deficiencies are not well understood
• Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune
  response
• Americans spend 300 million per year on vitamin
  E supplements

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Vitamin K

• Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting
  factors
• Can be reactivated to continue biological action
• Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two
  bone proteins

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• Relatively cheap to add to food
• Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• B1, thiamine
• B2, riboflavin
• B6, pyridoxamine
• B12
• Biotin
• Panothenic acid
• Niacin
• Folacin
• Vitamin C

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• Vitamin B1
• Thiamine
• Involved in carbohydrate metabolism
• Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central
  nervous system
• Deficiency causes Beri beri
• (Singlese, I cant, I cant)
• B2- riboflavin
• Energy metabolism

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• B6 - Pyridoxamine
• Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions
• B12
• Development of red blood cells
• Lack of it makes one anemic
• Hard for vegans to get

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• Biotin
• Involved in fatty acid synthesis
• Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss
• Panthothenic acid
• Found in many foods
• Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates,
  protein, alcohol and fat

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Water Soluble Vitamins

• Choline
• A major component of cell membranes
• Folacin Folate Folic acid
• Deficiency causes neural tube defects in utero
• Took Rutgers Professor 20 years to for FDA
  approval as enrichment Why?

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Vitamin C

• Ascorbic acid
• Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool.
  Antioxidant
• Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages
• High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)

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Vitamin C - Scurvy
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Niacin (B3)

• Energy metabolism
• Disease pellagra The Four Ds
• Dermatitis
• Diarrhea
• Dementia
• Death

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Minerals

• Issues
• Absorption
• Bioavailability

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Minerals

• Percent of Body weight
• Calcium 2
• Phosphorus 1
• Potassium 0.3
• Sulfur 0.2
• Sodium 0.1
• Chloride 0.1
• Magnesium 0.05
• Iron 0.04

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Minerals

• Calcium
• 99 is structural
• 25 absorption
• Vitamin D aids absorption
• 75 is obtained from dairy products
• Many products are fortified with it
• Built in youth, lost in maturity

Very hard for vegans to get enough calcium
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Calcium

• Osteoporosis a pediatric disease with geriatric
  consequences
• 1.5 million fractures each year- major cause of
  subsequent mortality (25 within one year)
• 14 billion in direct health cost
• 25 million women at risk
• DRI women 600 800 mg/day
• National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org

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Calcium
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Risk Factors- By Mayo Clinic staff Your gender.
Age. Race. Frame size. Eating disorders. Low
calcium intake. Excess soda consumption (CaP
ratio). The link between osteoporosis and
caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but caffeine may
interfere with calcium absorption and its
diuretic effect may increase mineral loss. In
addition, the phosphoric acid in soda may
contribute to bone loss. Bone density can be
improved at any time.
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Soda is the devils drink

• Extra calories
• Poor nutrient density
• Interferes with calcification
• Replaces more nutritious drinks

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Minerals

• Phosphorus
• Easily absorbed by the body
• Enhanced by Vitamin D
• Deficiency are rare
• Soda, phosphoric acid
• Potassium
• A primary electrolyte in blood
• Associated with lower blood pressure
• Athletes

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Minerals

• Sodium and Chloride
• Added during processing
• Enhances flavor
• We consume 2X of what we need (DV 2.4 grams,
  1/10 ounce) (show)
• Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension
• High blood pressure
• Salt sensitivity genetics and race

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Salt Uses in Food

• Enhances other flavors, cuts cost
• Salty taste, per se
• Increases consumer acceptance
• Raises boiling point of liquids (pasta)
• Masks bitter tastes
• Food safety
• Water binding

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Minerals

• Sulfur
• Necessary for collagen formation
• Magnesium
• Abundant in plants

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Minerals

• Iron
• Most common and easily preventable deficiency
• Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function,
  developmental performance
• Poor absorption from plant sources
• Low iron causes anemia, especially in
  menstruating women
• Toxicity
• 6 12 vitamins with 100 iron content will kill
  a small child
• (The dose makes the poison.)

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Fortification vs Enrichment

• Fortification - restores lost
• nutrients due to processing
• Enrichment adds nutritional value to
• meet a specific standard

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Enriched Uranium
Enriched Uranium