Key Nutrition Concepts and Terms - Unit 1 Dr. Stan Andrews

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Key Nutrition Concepts and Terms - Unit 1

• Dr. Stan Andrews, Professor
• Dept. of Kinesiology PE

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Key Nutrition Concepts and Terms

• NUTRITION is the study of foods and health.
• FOOD is a basic need of humans
• Food security
• Food insecurity
• CALORIE is a unit of measure of the amount of
  energy supplied by food (also known as a
  kilocalorie.)

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• NUTRIENTS are chemical substances found in food
  that are used by the body for growth and health.
• The six categories of NUTRIENTS are
• CARBOHYDRATES
• PROTEINS
• FATS
• VITAMINS
• MINERALS
• WATER

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Carbohydrates are substances in food that consist
  of a single sugar molecule or of multiples of
  them in various forms.
• Simple sugars are the most basic types of carbs
  such as glucose (blood sugar), sucrose (table
  sugar), lactose (milk sugar, and fructose (fruit
  sugar).
• Starches are complex carbohydrates consisting
  primarily of long, interlocking chains of glucose
  units.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Proteins are substances in food made of amino
  acids.
• Amino acids are specific chemical substances
  (the building blocks) from which proteins are
  made. Of the 20 amino acids, nine are
  essential (required in your diet.)
• Fats are substances in food that are soluble in
  fat and not water.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Saturated fats are found primarily in animal
  products, such as meat, butter, and cheese, and
  in palm and coconut oil. Diets high in saturated
  fat may elevate blood cholesterol.
• Unsaturated fats are found primarily in plant
  products such as vegetable oil, nuts, and seeds.
  Unsaturated fats tend to lower blood cholesterol
  levels.
• Essential fatty acids are two specific types of
  unsaturated fats that are required in the diet.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Cholesterol is a fat-soluble, colorless liquid
  found in animals but not plants. It can be
  manufactured by the liver.
• Vitamins are chemical substances found in food
  that perform specific functions in the body.
  Humans require 13 different vitamins in their
  diet.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Minerals are chemical substances that make up the
  ash that remains when food is completely
  burned. Humans require 15 different minerals in
  their diet.
• Water. Most individuals need about 10 cups (8
  ounces) of water each day from food and fluids.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Carbs, proteins, and fats supply calories and are
  called the energy nutrients (the bodys only
  sources of fuel.)
• Vitamins, minerals, and water are chemicals
  needed for the conversion of carbs, proteins, and
  fats into energy and for the building and
  maintenance of muscles, blood components, bones,
  and other parts of the body.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• OTHER SUBSTANCES IN FOOD
• Phytochemicals are chemical substances found in
  plants such as broccoli, spinach, carrots,
  mushrooms, onions, lettuce, etc. that help reduce
  the risk of developing certain types of cancer,
  heart disease, infections, and other disorders.
  These substances act as antioxidants to protect
  cells.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• NUTRIENTS PROVIDED BY THE DIET
• Essential nutrients are those that the body
  cannot make but must be obtained in the diet.
  Examples include vitamins, iron, calcium, etc.
• Nonessential nutrients are manufactured by the
  body from components of food in our diet.
  Cholesterol, creatine, glucose, etc. are examples.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Please Note
• Essential and nonessential nutrients are both
  required for growth and health.
• Lack of essential nutrients will cause a dietary
  deficiency disease. (Scurvy is a disease caused
  by a Vitamin C deficiency in the diet.)
• No cholesterol in the diet does not cause a
  cholesterol deficiency because the liver
  produces cholesterol.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
• Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the
  most widely used standard for identifying desired
  levels of essential nutrient intake in healthy
  people.
• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are the updated
  and research driven version of the RDAs.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• ADDITIONAL NUTRITION CONCEPTS
• Health problems related to nutrition originate
  within the cell.
• Poor nutrition can result from both inadequate
  and excessive levels of nutrient intake.
• Humans have adaptive mechanisms for managing
  fluctuations in nutrient intake.
• Malnutrition (poor nutrition) can result from
  poor diets and from disease states, genetic
  factors, or combinations of these causes.

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Some groups of people are at higher risk of
  becoming inadequately nourished than others.
• Women who are nursing or breastfeeding
• Infants
• Growing children
• The frail elderly
• The ill or infirmed
• Those recovering from illness

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Poor nutrition can influence the development of
  certain chronic diseases (slow developing,
  long-lasting diseases that are not contagious.)
• Heart disease
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Cancer
• Osteoporosis

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• Adequacy, variety, and balance are key
  characteristics of a healthy diet.
• Nutrient dense foods contain relatively high
  amounts of nutrients compared to their calorie
  value. Examples include broccoli, collards,
  bread, cantaloupe, and lean meats.
• Empty calorie foods provide an excess of calories
  in relation to nutrients. (Examples include
  sugared soft drinks, candy, table sugar, etc.)

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Nutrition Concepts and Terms (cont.)

• There are no good or bad foods.