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Biodiesel Production – Part 1: Feedstocks and Production

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Feedstocks and Production Renewable Products Development Laboratories Portland, Oregon, USA What Is Biodiesel? Definition: Biodiesel consists of the alkyl monoesters ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Biodiesel Production – Part 1: Feedstocks and Production


1
Biodiesel Production Part 1Feedstocks and
Production
  • Renewable Products Development Laboratories
  • Portland, Oregon, USA

2
What Is Biodiesel?
  • Definition Biodiesel consists of the alkyl
    monoesters of fatty acids derived from vegetable
    oils and animal fats that meet the requirements
    of ASTM 6751.

3
What Is NOT Biodiesel?
  • Blends of biodiesel and petroleum diesel
  • Unprocessed (un-reacted) fats and oils
  • Mixtures or emulsions of alcohol and fats or oils
  • Bio-derived fuels such as F-T diesel

4
Biodiesel Reaction
  • Chemical reaction between a primary alcohol (e.g.
    methanol, ethanol) and an oil or fat
  • Basic Chemistry
  • 100 lb Oil 10 lb Methanol ?
  • 100 lb Biodiesel
  • 10 lb Glycerol
  • Requires a catalyst

5
US Sources of Oils and Fats
  • Soybeans 18.3 B lb/yr
  • Corn 2.4 B lb/yr
  • Other Seed Oils 2.9 B lb/yr
  • Tallows 5.5 B lb/yr
  • Lard Grease 1.3 B lb/yr
  • Poultry Fat 2.2 B lb/yr
  • Yellow Grease 2.6 B lb/yr
  • Algae, other ???

6
Quality Requirements for Standard Biodiesel
Production
  • Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content
  • lt 2.0
  • Moisture Content
  • lt 0.1 desired
  • lt 0.5 permitted
  • Phosphorus and Sulfur Content
  • lt 15 ppm

7
Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
  • FFA are weak organic acids with carbon numbers
    ranging from 8 to 22 or more.
  • FFA are naturally occurring or products of
    partial decomposition of fats and oils.
  • FFA are easily neutralized using alkali
    hydroxides making soap.
  • FFA can be converted to biodiesel, typically
    using a mineral acid catalyst.

8
Categories of Biodiesel Processes
  • Base Catalyzed (Transesterification)
  • Batch
  • Continuous
  • Acid Catalyzed
  • FFA Pretreatment (Direct Esterification)
  • Non-catalytic
  • Co-solvent processes
  • Supercritical
  • Heterogeneous (Solid) Catalyst

9
Key Process Variables
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Oil Alcohol Ratio
  • Reaction Time
  • Mixing
  • Batch or Continuous Processing

10
Base Catalyzed Batch System
11
Continuous CSTR System
12
Base Catalyzed PFR System
13
Heterogeneous Catalyst System
14
Process Conditions
  • AlcoholTG Ratio
  • - Base Catalyzed 61 to 101 typical
  • - Acid Catalyzed 91 to 401
  • Residence Time
  • - Base Catalyzed 5 min to 4 hr
  • - Acid Catalyzed 15 min to 8 hr

15
Biodiesel Production Chemistry
  • Esterification is a three step reaction
  • - Solubility limited
  • - Rate limited
  • - Product inhibition (glycerol) limited

16
Process Conditions
  • Temperature
  • - Solubility Limited Increasing T
    increases solubility
  • - Rate Limited Reaction rate doubles
    with a 10 C increase in T
  • - Product Inhibition Limited
  • GL ? MG rate near MG ? DG rate
  • Pressure Operate 10 to 15 psig above alcohol
    vapor pressure

17
Batch or Continuous?
  • Batch
  • - indicated for small capacity or long
    residence times
  • Continuous
  • - indicated for large capacity systems
  • - longer residence times can be accommodated
    using sequential CSTRs or PFRs
  • - Residence time can be optimized using
    multiple parameters

18
Summary
  • Production of fatty acid esters is easy
    production of biodiesel is a deceptively
    difficult process.
  • There are multiple ways to make biodiesel to meet
    multiple business models.
  • There are multiple sources of fats and oils for
    biodiesel that can be adapted to local realities.
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