SEDIMENTS & SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

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SEDIMENTS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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ROCK CYCLE
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Relative Percentages of Sedimentary Rocks
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SEDIMENT

• From
• Weathering Erosion
• Precipitation from saturated solution
• calcite, quartz
• Product of evaporation
• halite, gypsum
• Unconsolidated- NOT cemented

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SEDIMENT

• Particle size
• Pebbles, cobbles, boulders
• Gravel- gt 2mm
• Sand- 2mm - 0.063mm
• Silt - 0.063mm - 0.004mm
• Clay- lt 0.004
• Deposition Clay-sized particle vs. clay mineral

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SEDIMENT

• Transportation
• Abrasion
• Rounding
• Sorting
• Deposition
• Environment of deposition- specific
• Preservation

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SEDIMENT

• Transportation
• Abrasion
• Rounding
• Sorting
• Deposition
• Environment of deposition- specific
• Preservation

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SEDIMENT

• Lithification
• Compaction
• Decrease in pore space
• for very fine grain size (clay)
• Cementation
• Clastic texture
• Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
• Crystallization
• Crystalline texture

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SEDIMENT

• Lithification
• Compaction
• Decrease in pore space
• for very fine grain size (clay)
• Cementation
• Clastic texture
• Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
• Crystallization
• Crystalline texture

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SEDIMENT

• Lithification
• Compaction
• Decrease in pore space
• for very fine grain size (clay)
• Cementation
• Clastic texture
• Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
• Crystallization
• Crystalline texture

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TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Clastic or Detrital
• Chemical- inorganic precipitation or evaporation
• Biochemical- Organic remains
• shells, charcoal, plant fragments

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CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS

• Breccia and Conglomerate (gt 2mm)
• Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
• Conglomerate- rounded fragments
• Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)
• Quartz sandstone
• Arkose (feldspar)
• Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
• Fine-grained Matrix
• Usually from turbidity currents

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CLASTIC (Detrital) ROCKS

• Breccia and Conglomerate (gt 2mm)
• Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
• Conglomerate- rounded fragments
• Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)
• Quartz sandstone
• Arkose (feldspar)
• Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
• Fine-grained Matrix
• Usually from turbidity currents

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Quartz Sandstone
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CLASTIC ROCKS

• Fine-grained Rocks
• Shale- fissile (in sheets)
• Siltstone
• Claystone
• Mudstone (silt and clay)

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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Carbonate Rocks
• Limestone- made of calcite
• Inorganic varieties
• micrite, oolites, travertine
• Dolomite
• Recrystallization
• Chert- silica
• Evaporites
• Rock gypsum
• Rock salt

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BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Coal
• Develops from peat
• plant fragments
• Lignite
• Bituminous Coal
• Carbonate Rocks
• Limestone- made of calcite
• organic varieties
• Coquina
• Fossiliferous Limestone
• Chalk

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BIOCHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Coal
• Develops from peat
• plant fragments
• Lignite
• Bituminous Coal
• Carbonate Rocks
• Limestone- made of calcite
• organic varieties
• Coquina
• Fossiliferous Limestone
• Chalk

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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• BEDDING-
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Bedding plane
• Cross-bedding
• Graded bed
• Mud cracks
• Ripple marks
• Fossils

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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• BEDDING-
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Bedding plane
• Cross-bedding
• Graded bed
• Mud cracks
• Ripple marks
• Fossils

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DUNES
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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• BEDDING-
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Bedding plane
• Cross-bedding
• Graded bed
• Mud cracks
• Ripple marks
• Fossils

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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• BEDDING-
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Bedding plane
• Cross-bedding
• Graded bed
• Mud cracks
• Ripple marks
• Fossils

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Mudcracks
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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• BEDDING-
• Principle of Original Horizontality
• Bedding plane
• Cross-bedding
• Graded bed
• Mud cracks
• Ripple marks
• Fossils
• Body Fossils
• Trace Fossils

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FORMATIONS

• Large enough to show on a map
• Distinctive from neighboring rock units
• Named after geographic locations
• CONTACT
• separation between 2 distinct rock units
• Sedimentary contact
• Other contacts

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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Source Area
• Environment of Deposition
• Glacial environments
• Tillites
• Alluvial fan
• Arkose
• River channel and flood plain
• Interbedded shales and sandstones cross-bedded
• Lake
• Shales interbedded siltstones and mudstones
• Delta

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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

• Source Area
• Environment of Deposition
• Glacial environments
• Tillites
• Alluvial fan
• Arkose
• River channel and flood plain
• Interbedded shales and sandstones cross-bedded
• Lake
• Shales interbedded siltstones and mudstones
• Delta

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Glacial Environment Till
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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• Environment of Deposition
• Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
• Very well sorted quartz sandstones
• Lagoon
• Shales
• Shallow marine shelf
• Interbedded sandstones and shales burrowed
• Reef
• Skeletal Limestones
• Deep marine environment
• Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to
  shales

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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• Environment of Deposition
• Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
• Very well sorted quartz sandstones
• Lagoon
• fine grained sediment
• Shallow marine shelf
• Interbedded sandstones and shales burrowed
• Reef
• Skeletal Limestones
• Deep marine environment
• Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to
  shales

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CALCAREOUS
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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• Environment of Deposition
• Beach, Barrier Island, Dune
• Very well sorted quartz sandstones
• Lagoon
• Shales
• Shallow marine shelf
• Interbedded sandstones and shales burrowed
• Reef
• Skeletal Limestones
• Deep marine environment
• Turbidites- sequence of GRADED sandstones to
  shales

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INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks
• At convergent boundaries
• Uplift results in
• Very rapid rates of erosion
• Thick accumulations of clastic sediment
• At transform boundaries
• Rapid rates of erosion, deposition and burial
• Good basins for petroleum exploration
• At divergent boundaries
• Initial stages of rifting- thick wedges of gravel
  and coarse sediment

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Resources

• Non-Metallic
• Sand and gravel
• Limestone
• Clay
• Gypsum
• Energy Resources
• Oil and gas
• Coal

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Formation of Oil and Gas
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U.S. Coal Production