Disaster and Crisis

1
Disaster and Crisis

• Planning and Management

2
Planning and Preparing

• Logistical Planning
• Federal
• State
• City
• District
• Staff
• Students
• Parents
• Volunteers
• Others

3
Emergency Preparedness

• Emergency situations can occur at any time, any
  place, any where
• They can be man made or natural
• They may involve a single individual or large
  populations
• They may do minimal or massive damage

4
Basic Emergency Guidelines

• Size up the situation
• Day
• Time
• Type of occupancy
• Type of construction
• Weather
• Hazards
• Size of area
• Number of people
• Do not try to rescue anyone unless it is safe
  for you! Do not add to the problem by becoming a
  victim too.

5
Know your Students and Staff

• First Aid/CPR cards
• who has them, who should?
• Health restrictions - physical restrictions
  or disabilities
• Medication concerns daily, photo-sensitive,
• 3 day supply?
• Itinerant staff
• personnel and schedules
• Parent volunteers
• Other concerns

6
Safety Concerns

• Be part of the solution, not part of the problem.
• Always work in pairs.
• Wear protective shoes keep appropriate walking
  shoes with your emergency kit.
• Communicate regularly with a partner, group,
  leader, and people being rescued.
• Review escape plans with students and staff.

7
Measures to Ensure Safety

• Review District Bulletins and Guidelines
• Plan for the unexpected think about possible
  alternative plans.
• Take all practice drills seriously.

8
Step One Triage

• Triage is divided into two major areas
• Psychological Triage
• Medical Triage

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Psychological Triage

• Is complex and involves several basic aspects
• The rapid identification of victims in possible
  emotional distress.
• Establishing priorities for the care of potential
  victims.
• Psychological triage will be covered later in
  the Training.

10
Medical Triage

• Medical triage involves two basic components
• The identification of victims at greatest risk
  for early death.
• Establishing priorities for the care of large
  numbers of victims
• START will be used to evaluate victims

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START Goals

• Simple
• Rapid
• No special skills required
• No specific diagnosis
• Stabilization provided
• Easy to learn and teach

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START(Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)

• What is START?
• The START plan is a simple step-by-step triage
  and treatment method to be used by the first
  rescuers responding to a mass casualty incident.
• It allows the first responders to identify
  victims at greatest risk for early death.
• To provide basic stabilization maneuvers.

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Who Can Use START?

• START
• was specifically designed for basic emergency
  personnel. Other groups may choose to use START
  as the first step in their triage systems.

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START Basics

• RPM
• Respirations
• Perfusion
• Mental Status
• Where do I start?

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Triage Tag

• is an identification tag used in a multi casualty
  incident to prioritize victims for care,
  (triage).
• is a tag to attach to the victim, with four
  colored code strips to prioritized care.

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The Four TRIAGE TAG Colors

• Green Strip
• Yellow Strip
• Red Strip
• Black Strip

• Minor bottom strip
• -Injuries managed by first aid only
• -No hospital care needed at the moment
• Delayed second from the bottom
• -Needs hospital care, but not immediate
• Immediate third form the bottom
• -Needs emergency care now
• -Should receive attention before all others
• Deceased fourth from the bottom
• -Dead or non-salvageable, No CPR is done

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What do I do first?

• Respirations/Ventilation
• BLACK
• RED

• Nothing open airway, still no breathing, tag
  black Deceased and move to the next victim.
• If person starts to breath, tag red Immediate.
• Respirations 30/minute or higher, tag red
  Immediate.
• Respirations under 30/minute, go to the next step
  Perfusion.

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Perfusion

• Capillary blanch refill test
• Color should return to lips or nail beds within 2
  seconds, if so go to Mental Status.
• If longer than 2 seconds, tag red Immediate.
• Remember - Control Bleeding

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What if the lights are out?

• The Radial Pulse may be used in reduced lighting
• If
• Not palpable, tag red immediate
• If palpable, go to Mental Status
• Remember - Control Bleeding

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Mental Status

• Altered mental status, tag red - Immediate.
• Normal mental status, tag yellow - Delayed.

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Let the Search Begin

• Search Systematically
• Never search alone!
• Take the proper supplies, equipment, and keys
• Select team members according to physical
  abilities
• Never enter a building /room without notifying
  the command center first.
• When entering a building/room, place a piece of
  tape on the door forming the first half of an X -
  /
• Use a consistent systematically room check
• When the building/room is clear, complete the X
• The Search Team will search first, then become
  part of the Rescue Team

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Basic Search Equipment

• Boxes one for each search team to store their
  equipment in
• Hard Hats/ Gloves/ Goggles/ Vests/ Backpacks/
  Dust Masks/ Whistles/ School Maps one set per
  member
• Walkie Talkie at least one per team
• MetTags/Triage tags/3x5 cards with safety pins
  to tag victims
• Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ markers
• Log Sheets to record victims location and
  condition
• Flashlights at least one per team, change
  batteries annually
• Masking Tape to mark doors, people, or ???
• Crowbar to pry open doors and windows, one per
  team
• Light weight rope to string between team
  members, rope off an area, secure tents, or ???
• START guidelines and Basic Vital Sign Guidelines
• Additional Equipment any items the school feels
  is necessary
• Remember to store in an easily accessible
  central location

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Steps After Initial TRIAGE

• Establish first aid station
• Start initial first aid
• Reassess the walking wounded and those
  previously TRIAGED

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Establishing the 1st Aid Station

• Generally divided into four smaller stations
• Triage/Communication Center organizes, records,
  receives, and directs 1st Aid and rescue
  services.
• Green Station Minor, treat and release
• Yellow Station Delayed, needs hospital care,
  but can wait.
• Red Station Immediate, needs emergency care
  now. Should receive attention first.
• Any victim tagged with Black goes directly to
  the morgue.

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Basic 1st Aid Equipment

• Review District Bulletins and Policies Q-5,
  Q-48, Q-50
• First Aid kits
• - one per 100 students, see supply order
  catalogs.
• - Review expiration dates and replace as needed.
• Stethoscopes/Blood Pressure Cuff
• with varying cuff sizes
• Walkie Talkie and Flash Lights
• Large laminated map of the school and grease
  pencils
• Clipboards/ pencils/ pens/ Log Sheets
• Red/ Yellow/ Green Triage Station Locator Signs
• Tarps/ Tents/ Blankets/ Pillows

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Rescue Team

• Rescue members meet at the 1st Aid station
• The Search Team will join the Rescue Team, once
  they have completed their search
• Each team consists of 2 4 members
• Take appropriate equipment -
• Stretchers, 1st Aid kits, etc.
• No one goes anywhere alone

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Emergency Classroom Kits

• Suggested items
• Classroom rosters
• Emergency plans
• Paper, pencils, pens, crayons, or other age
  appropriate items
• Crackers or similar food item
• Butcher paper to sit on
• Walking shoes or other items?
• Chain or rope ladders for second floor classrooms
• The kit needs to be easy to carry and quickly
  accessible

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Questions?

• What does your school site need to be safe?
• Who will you discuss your concerns with?
• Where will the funding come from?
• What are the District, State, Federal
  requirements?

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Closing Comments