Avian infections

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Avian infections
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Viral infections of respiratory tract

• Newcastel disease virus
• Avian influenza
• Avian infectious bronchitis virus
• Avian laryngotracheitis disease virus
• Adenoviruses

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Avian infectious bronchitis virus

• Many strains (differ in antigenic properties and
  virulence) - mutations and recombination
• Affects young animals from 3 weeks
• Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks
• Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug,
  drop of lay, clinical signs last for 10 14 days

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Avian infectious bronchitis virus

• Horizontal spread
• Rapid spread high concentration of animals
• Vertical transmission not demonstrated
• Virus replicates in epithelial a subepithelial
  cells of repiratory tract and kidney
  (nefropathogenic strains)
• Virus persistence and long term shedding

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Avian infectious bronchitis virus - diagnostics

• Tracheal swabs till 14 days in chicken, 7-10
  days in older, 2-3 weeks in nefropat. strains
• Virus isolation in acute phase of the disease
• CAM (2-3 passages)
• tracheal explantates (ciliostasis in 2-3 days
• Variant strains and Ag mutants sentinel SPF
  animals

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Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus

• Acute disease of chicken, pheasants (3-9 month)
• Respiration problems, bloody mucous secretion
• Conjunctivitis - panophtalmitis
• Mild - peracute disease
• Antigenic uniformity, strains differ in virulence
• Impact of environment (iritation of resp.tract,
  low temperature, concurrent infections)

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Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus

• Virus latency in infected and vaccinated
  animals
• Rezidual pathogenicity of vaccine strains
• Cell immunity non-transmissible to the newborns

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Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus

• Samples 4-6 living animals
• trachea, larynx - chilled, not frozen
• Diagnostics
• I.N. inklusions - trachea
• IF test trachea
• Izolation on EE (CAM), IFA identification
• Differentiation of vaccine and field strains by
  REA

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Newcastel disease virus

• Different pathotypes of the virus
• Velogenic (viscerotropic and neurotropic)
• Mezogenic
• Lentogenic
• Serologically unique
• Respiratory signs in velogenic and mezogenic
  strains

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Newcastel disease virus

• Velogenic strains respiratory signs (edema of
  the neck, head), diarhea, neurological signs,
  bleeding, almost 100 mortality

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Newcastel disease virus

• Diagnostics
• Izolation embryonated eggs
• Detection hemagglutination, PCR
• Samples lungs, spleen, brain, trachea.
• Indirect detection hemagglutination inhibition
  test (HIT) a virus neutralizing test (VNT)

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THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis   Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (CHRD)
enrofloxacin p.o. Live vac..-aerosol.
lincomycin p.o.
tilmicosin p.o.  H.
paragallinarum amoxicilin p.o. (hemofi
lová rýma) pneumonia Mycoplasma synoviae
linkomycin p.o.
tilmikosin p.o.   Pasteurella multocida amoxicilin
p.o. inakt. vak. s.c. (fowl cholera)   Bordetel
la avium amoxicilin p.o. (rhinotracheit
is, bordetelosis)  
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THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

• rhinotracheitis ,pneumonia, pleuritis,
  airsaculitis
•  
• O. rhinotracheale
  amoxicillin p.o. inakt. vak. s.c.
• (ornithobacteriosis)
  doxycyclin p.o.
•  
• airsacculitis
•  
• E. coli
  flumequin p.o.
• M. synoviae
• Mycoplasma meleagridis
  lincomycin p.o.
• (aerosacculitis in turkey)
  tilmicosin p.o.
• Mycotic infections
• flavus, A. fumigatus
• (aspergilosis)

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THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

• Mycotic infections (aspergilosis)
• Brooder pneumonia in newly-hatches chickens in
  incubators
• Neumonia and airsacculitis up to 6 weeks of age
• flavus, A. fumigatus

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Infection of GIT

• Newcastel disease virus choroba
• Avian influenza

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Avian influenza

• Different clinical course inaparentní drop of
  lay high mortality
• Virulence doesnt depend on H and N antigens
• Edema of the crest, visceral hemorhagies, green
  diarhea, urate deposits in kidney, yolk
  peritonitis

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Avian influenza - diagnostics

• Izolatio on EE
• HA test
• Antibody detection by HIT
• Differentiation of Newcastel disease virus

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 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

• Enteritis
• Clostridium perfringens typ A, C
• Clostridium colinum amoxicillin p.o.
• (necrotic enteritis)
•  
• Salmonella Pullorum flumequin p.o.
• (fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o.
•  
• Salmonella Gallinarum flumequin p.o. live vac..
  i.m.
• (fowl typhoid) enrofloxacin p.o.
•  

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 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT

• Salmonella. spp.-S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium
• (paratyphoid infection) enrofloxacin p.o.
  live-/inact.vac. s.c.
• flumechin p.o.
•  
• Salmonella Arizonae enrofloxacin p.o.
• (arizonosis in turkey) flumequin p.o.
• Campylobacter jejuni erythromycin p.o.
• (kampylobacteriosis)
• E.coli
  encofloxacin
• (coligranulomatosis)
• Y. eneterocolitica
•  

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 THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
peritonitis   E. coli
flumequin p.o. Pasteurella multocida amoxicillin
p.o. inact. vac. s.c.,i.m.
enro/difloxacin p.o.
flumequin p.o. Mycobacterium avium/subsp.
avium NO TREATMENT
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LIVER
hepatitis  E.coli
flumechin p.o. subunit. vac.
s.c.  Salmonella spp.
enrofloxacin p.o. (S.Gallinarum, S.Pullorum)  P.
multocida
amoxicillin p.o. Campylobacter
jejuni Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae amoxicillin p.
o. Y. pseudotuberculosis Perihepatitis M.
gallisepticum
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Infection of CNS

• Avian encephalomyelitis
• Newcastel disease virus

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Avian encephalomyelitis virus

• Primary replication in the gut
• Serologic uniformity, strains differ in virulence
• Clinical signs up to 6 weeks after birth
• Ataxy, paralysis and tremor
• Zákal cocky, iridocyklitis
• Drop of lay, transovaral spread
• Changes in CNS only, not in meninges or
  peripheral nerves

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Avian encephalomyelitis virus

• Clinical signs
• Anamnesis no vaccination
• Limited pathologic changes
• IFA detection in the brain
• Isolation in yolk sac of EE (IFA confirmation)
• Serology
• VN test non EE monitoring of vaccination
• ELISA
• ID test

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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Mycoplasma spp.
tilmicosin p.o. M.gallisepcticum M.meleagridis
(turkey) salpingitis E. coli,
flumequin p.o. Salmo
nella spp. egg yolk saculitis and sepsis  E.
coli
flumecquin p.o.  Pseudomonas aeruginosa
enro/difloxacin p.o.  Staphylococcus
aureus amoxicillin p.o.  Clostr
idium perfringens
amoxicillin p.o.  Enterococcus spp., amoxicilin p.
o. Enterococcus faecalis  
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THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Artritis, sinovitis, tendosynovitis Staphylococcus
aureus
amoxicillin p.o. E. coli

flumequin p.o. Mycoplasma synoviae
tilmicosin p.o. (infekcní
synovitida kuratrut)
lincomycin p.o.  Pasteurella multocida
potenc.sulfonamides p.o. (cholera drubeže)

flumequin p.o.   Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
amoxicillin p.o.
benzylpenicillin i.m.  ost
eomyelitis E.coli
enrofloxacin p.o. Staphylococ
cus aureus
lincomycin p.o.
tylosin p.o.
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Infection of the lymphatic tissue

• Infectious bursitis virus
• Avian leukosis
• Mareks disease virus
• Chicken anemia virus

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Infectious bursitis virus

• 2 serotypes (chicken -1, duck-typ 2)
• 6 antigenic subtypes in the type 1, variant
  strains
• Virus is very stable (up to 4 month)
• Highly contagious disease
• Incubation period 1-3 days
• Clinical signs during 24 h. in 100 of animals
• Susceptible animals 3 12 weeks

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Infectious bursitis virus

• Virus replication in lymphocytes
• Longlasting immunosupression (humoral,
  cell-mediated)
• 100 morbidity, up to 20 mortality
• Edema of bursa Fabricii, hemorrhagies in muscles,
  
• Atrophy of bursa

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Infectious bursitis virus

• Diagnostics
• Isolation on CAM (death of embryo in 3-5 days)
• Virus isolation on TC (confirmation by IF)
• Antigen capture ELISA

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Infectious bursitis virus

• Serology ELISA
• Monitoring of antibodies in the flock
• Serological profile estimation of maternal
  immunity, vaccine schedulind

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Infectious bursitis virus

• VN test
• Detection of antigennic variants (ELISA is type
  specific)

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Avian leukosis virus

• ALV neoplastic disease of chicken
• Groups ABCD (E endogenous), FG pheasants
• Reticuloendotheliosis (REV) in turkey, quails,
  ducks,
• in chicken serological detection only

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Avian leukosis

• Ubiquitous spread
• Low clinical incidence
• Vertical spread
• Horizontal spread
• Incubation period more than 14 weeks
• Lymphoma of B cells in bursa Fabricii, metastasis
  in liver and spleen
• Clinical signs nonspecific

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Avian leukosis

• Diagnostics
• Detection of LL nodules in BF (from 16 weeks) is
  pathognomic
• IF detection of IgM Ag and B-cell markers

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Avian leukosis

• Dg. tests
• COFAL test
• ELISA-ALV
• Biological assay

gs antigens
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Mareks disease virus

• Lymphoproliferative disease in chickens
• Serotype 1 patogenic and oncogenic strains
• Serotype 2 avirulent and nononcogenic strains
• Serotype 3 avirulent, in turkey only (vaccine
  strains)

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Mareks disease virus

• Clinical signs from 6 16 weeks
• Majority of neoplastic changes in broilers
• Mononuclear (lymphoblasts) infiltration in
  peripheral nerves and other organs
• Lymphomas in gonads, hearth, lungs, seldom in
  BF, skin, muscles
• Ataxy, paralysis, macroscopic thickening of
  peripheral nerves

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Mareks disease virus

• Neurolymphomatosis klasical MD, loss of
  coordination, asymetric paresis and paralysis
• Acute MD expanzive burst in the flock,
  depression, ataxy, paralysis in some animals.
  Significant mortality without neurolog. changes
• Lymphomatosis of the eye lymphoblastoid
  infiltration of pupil, blindness
• Skin form round, nodular lesions in feather
  folicles

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Mareks disease virus

• K inf. dochází respiratorní cestou, brzy
  následuje lytická infekce B bunek ve slezine a
  thymu
• Následující zánetlivé zmeny vedou k infiltraci
  monocyty, makrofágy, granulocyty a lymfocyty
• Klidové T bunky jsou rezistentní k infekci, u
  aktivovaných dochází k lytické infekci
  imunosuprese nebo transformaci tumory
• K produktivní infekci dochází pouze v bunkách
  pérových folikulu!
• Místem latence jsou T lymfocyty

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Mareks disease virus

• Diagnostics
• The detection of the virus or antibodies is not
  significant
• MATSA antigens

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Chicken anemia virus

• Disease of chickens in 2-3 weeks
• Transovarial infection
• Horizontal spread after birth
• Aplazia of bone marrow (erys., tromb.,
  granulocyty)
• Thymus atrophy (patognomic)
• Anorexia, fever, pallor

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Chicken anemia virus

• Clinical signs
• Biological assay (i.p. aplication)
• Cell line MDCC-MSB1 (then IFA)
• PCR

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SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS.

• Colisepsis
• E.coli
• Fowl typhoid
• S. Gallinarum
• Septicemia
• P.multocida (fowl cholera)
• S.aureus
• S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus
• E.rhusiopathie
• Mycoses
• Generalized aspergilosis
• A. flavus, A.fumigatus

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THE EYE

• Conjunctivitis
• M. gallisepticum