Anton Cwik, Ethan Sox

1
Anton Cwik, Ethan Sox

• Per. 4

2
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
3
Fundamentals of biogeochemical cycles

• All matter cycles...it is neither created nor
  destroyed...
• As the Earth is essentially a closed system with
  respect to matter, we can say that all matter on
  Earth cycles .
• Biogeochemical cycles the movement (or cycling)
  of matter through a system

4

• by matter we mean elements (carbon, nitrogen,
  oxygen) or molecules (water) so the movement of
  matter (for example carbon) between these parts
  of the system is, practically speaking, a
  biogeochemical cycle
• The Cycling Elements macronutrients required
  in relatively large amounts "big six"
• carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen ,
  phosphorous sulfur

5

• other macronutrients
• potassium , calcium , iron , magnesium
  micronutrients required in very small
  amounts, (but still necessary) boron (green
  plants) copper (some enzymes) molybdenum
  (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)

6
ATMOSPHERE
7
LITHOSPHERE
8
HYDROSPHERE
9
ECOSPHERE
10
6 of the most important cycles are the water,
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and oxygen.
11
1. Which part of the atmosphere has the highest
altitude?A. Troposphere B. Stratosphere C.
Thermosphere D. Mesosphere2. Which part
includes all three of the other
parts?Lithosphere B. Ecosphere C. Hydrosphere D.
Atmosphere3. Which one is not a major cycle?A.
Hydrogen B. Nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Sulfur E. Water
12
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
13
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
CONNECTS ALL OF THE CYCLES AND SPHERES TOGETHER
14
HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE

• Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and
  groundwater. (salt water intrusion and
  groundwater depletion)
• Clear vegetation from land for agriculture,
  mining, road and building construction. (nonpoint
  source runoff carrying pollutants and reduced
  recharge of groundwater)
• Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO2,
  NO3, PO4) and destroying wetlands (natural
  filters).
• Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and
  increasing soil erosion.

15
Water Quality Degradation
16
MARINE CARBON CYCLE
17
TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE
18
Explain
19
Carbon in Oceans

• Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.
• Many animals pull carbon from water to use in
  shells, etc.
• Animals die and carbon substances are deposited
  at the bottom of the ocean.
• Oceans contain earths largest store of carbon.

20
(No Transcript)
21
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
CARBON IS THE BACKBONE OF LIFE!
22
1. What is no part of the water cycle?A.
Precipitation B. Percolation C. Transpiration D.
Surface Runoff E. Boiling2. Which is
not a man made way of adding carbon to the carbon
cycle?A. Airplanes B. Natural Fires C. Cars D.
Burning fossil fuels3. What are the predictions
for how much carbon will be added from fossil
fuels?A. Low B. Medium-Low C. Medium D. High
23
The Nitrogen Cycle
24
Sources

• Lightning
• Inorganic fertilizers
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Animal Residues
• Crop residues
• Organic fertilizers

25
(No Transcript)
26
Forms of Nitrogen

• Urea ? CO(NH2)2
• Ammonia ? NH3 (gaseous)
• Ammonium ? NH4
• Nitrate ? NO3
• Nitrite ? NO2
• Atmospheric Dinitrogen ?N2
• Organic N

27
Global Nitrogen Reservoirs
28
Roles of Nitrogen

• Plants and bacteria use nitrogen in the form of
  NH4 or NO3-
• It serves as an electron acceptor in anaerobic
  environment
• Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in
  soil and water.

29
Nitrogen is a key element for

• amino acids
• nucleic acids (purine, pyrimidine)
• cell wall components of bacteria (NAM).

30
Nitrogen Cycles

• Ammonification/mineralization
• Immobilization
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Nitrification
• Denitrification

31
(No Transcript)
32
Which of the following is not part of the
Nitrogen Cycle? A) Ammonification B)
Nitrification C) Denitrosation D) Nitrogen
Fixation E) Denitrification
In what form(s) do plants and bacteria use
nitrogen? A) NH4 B) NH3 C) NO3- D) A and
C E) All of the above
What is the molecular formula for ammonium? A)
NH4 B) NH3 C) NO3 D) NO2 E) none of the above
33
Ammonification or Mineralization
N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2
NO
NO2
NO3
34
Mineralization or Ammonification

• Decomposers earthworms, termites, slugs, snails,
  bacteria, and fungi
• Uses extracellular enzymes ? initiate degradation
  of plant polymers
• Microorganisms uses
• Proteases, lysozymes, nucleases to degrade
  nitrogen containing molecules

35

• Plants die or bacterial cells lyse ? release of
  organic nitrogen
• Organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic
  nitrogen (NH3)
• When pHlt7.5, converted rapidly to NH4
• Example
• Urea NH3 2 CO2

36
Immobilization

• The opposite of mineralization
• Happens when nitrogen is limiting in the
  environment
• Nitrogen limitation is governed by C/N ratio
• C/N typical for soil microbial biomass is 20
• C/N lt 20 ?Mineralization
• C/N gt 20 ?Immobilization

37
Nitrogen Fixation
N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2
NO
NO2
NO3
38
Nitrogen Fixation

• Energy intensive process
• N2 8H 8e- 16 ATP 2NH3 H2 16ADP 16
  Pi
• Performed only by selected bacteria and
  actinomycetes
• Performed in nitrogen fixing crops
• (ex soybeans)

39
Microorganisms fixing

• Azobacter
• Beijerinckia
• Azospirillum
• Clostridium
• Cyanobacteria

• Require the enzyme nitrogenase
• Inhibited by oxygen
• Inhibited by ammonia (end product)

40
Rates of Nitrogen Fixation
41

42
Immobilization is the opposite of which process
in the cycle? A) Mineralization B)
Nitrification C) Immobilization D) Nitrogen
Fixation E) Denitrification
What process takes place when nitrogen is
limiting in the environment? A)
Mineralization B) Nitrification C)
Immobilization D) Nitrogen Fixation E)
Denitrification
Which has the highest rate of nitrogen
fixation? A) Rhizobium-legume B)
Cynaobacteria-moss C) Rhizosphere
associations D) Free-living E) Azobacter
43
Applications to wetlands

• Occur in overlying waters
• Aerobic soil
• Anaerobic soil
• Oxidized rhizosphere
• Leaf or stem surfaces of plants

44
Bacterial Fixation

• Occurs mostly in salt marshes
• Is absent from low pH peat of northern bogs
• Cyanobacteria found in waterlogged soils

45
Nitrification
N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2
NO
NO3
NO2
46
Nitrification

• Two step reactions that occur together
• 1rst step catalyzed by Nitrosomonas
• 2 NH4 3 O2 ? 2 NO2- 2 H2O 4 H
• 2nd step catalyzed by Nitrobacter
• 2 NO2- O2 ? 2 NO3-

47

• Optimal pH is between 6.6-8.0
• If pH lt 6.0 ? rate is slowed
• If pH lt 4.5 ? reaction is inhibited

In which type of wetlands do you thing
Nitrification occurs?
48
Denitrification
N2
N2O
NH4
NO2
R-NH2
NO
NO2
NO3
49
Denitrification

• Removes a limiting nutrient from the environment
• 4NO3- C6H12O6? 2N2 6 H20
• Inhibited by O2
• Not inhibited by ammonia
• Microbial reaction
• Nitrate is the terminal electron acceptor

50
Looking at the Nitrogen cycle through the eye of
NH4
51
(No Transcript)
52
Denitrication is inhibited by A) NH3 B)
NH4 C) NO2- D) O2
The second step of Nitrification is catalyzed
by A) Nitrosomonas B) Clostridium C)
Azobacter D) Nitrobacter E) Beijerinckia
Which pH is within the optimal range for
nitrication? A) 1.5 B) 4.6 C) 7.1 D) 8.7 E)
10.9
53
Surface water
Low NH4
Oxidized layer
Biodegradation
Reduced soil layer
Slow Diffusion
C/N lt20
C/N gt20
NH4 HIGH
54
Surface water
nitrification
Low NH4
Oxidized layer
NO3 high
Reduced soil layer
Slow Diffusion
NH4 HIGH
55
N2
Surface water
Oxidized layer
NO3 high
Leaching
Reduced soil layer
NO3 Low
Denitrification
56
PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
57
HUMAN IMPACTS TO PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

• Humans mine LARGE quantities of phosphate rock to
  use in commercial fertilizers and detergents.
  Phosphorous is NOT found as a gas, only as a
  solid in the earths crust. It takes millions to
  hundreds of millions of years to replenish.
• Phosphorous is held in the tissue of the trees
  and vegetation, not in the soil and as we
  deforest the land, we remove the ability for
  phosphorous to replenish globally in ecosystems.
• Cultural eutrophication ad excess phosphate to
  aquatic ecosystems in runoff of animal wastes
  from livestock feedlots, runoff of commercial
  phosphate fertilizers fro cropland, and discharge
  of municipal sewage.

58
IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE

• 1.Phosphorous is an essential nutrient of both
  plants and animals.
• 2. It is part of DNA molecules which carry
  genetic information.
• 3. It is part of ATP and ADP) that store
  chemical energy for use by organisms in cellular
  respiration.
• 4. Forms phospholipids in cell membranes of
  plants and animal cells.
• 5. Forms bones, teeth, and shells of animals as
  calcium phosphate compounds.

59
SULFUR CYCLE
60
HUMAN IMPACTS TO SULFUR CYCLE

• Approximately 1/3 of all sulfur emitted into
  atmosphere comes from human activities.
• 1. Burning sulfur containing coal and oil to
  produce electric power (SOx acid deposition).
• 2. Refining petroleum (SOx emissions)
• 3. Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of
  metallic minerals into free metals (Cu, Pb, Zn)
• 4. Industrial processing.

61
IMPORTANCE OF SULFUR CYCLE

• Sulfur is a component of most proteins and some
  vitamins.
• Sulfate ions (SO4 2- ) dissolved in water are
  common in plant tissue. They are part of
  sulfur-containing amino acids that are the
  building blocks for proteins.
• Sulfur bonds give the three dimensional structure
  of amino acids.
• Many animals, including humans, depend on plants
  for sulfur-containing amino acids.

62
The Oxygen cycle
63
1. The Phosphorus Cycle takesA. Short time B. 20
years to fully cycle through C. 100 years to
cycle through D. Geological Timescal2. What
percentage of sulfur is emmited buy human
activity?A. .01 B. 20 C. 33.3 D. 66.7 E.
Over 903. The vast majority of oxygen in the
ecosphere is inA. Outer space B. Lithosphere C.
Atmosphere D. Hydrosphere
64
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis occurs within the chloroplasts
of green plants. The photosynthetic membranes
are arranged in flattened sacs called the
thylakoids. 6CO2 12H2O C6H12O6 6O2
6H2O light
(reactants) (products) Function Chemical
energy Storage for cell use
65
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration occurs in light
simultaneously with photosynthesis. It occurs in
the cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is the reverse
reaction of photosynthesis. Function chemical
energy release
C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 12H2O
chemical energy (reactants) (products)
66
Primary Productivity Connection

• Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) the rate at
  which an ecosystems producers capture and store
  a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a
  given period of time.
• Net Primary Productivity (NPP) the rate at
  which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net
  useful energy equal to the difference between
  energy produced through photosynthesis and energy
  used for cellular respiration.

67
(No Transcript)
68
GOOD OZONE UP HIGH
69
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOGBAD OZONE DOWN LOW
70
OZONE DEPLETION
71
ACID DEPOSITION
72
CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
73
Cultural Eutrophication Anoxia

• Eutrophication natural process over 1000s of
  years, lakes fill in with sediment, become
  marshes then dry land
• Cultural Eutrophication same process, but
  speeded enormously by loading with limiting
  nutrients (typically P, sometimes N)
• Problems associated with cultural eutrophication
• Algal blooms
• Water anoxia

74
ROCK CYCLE
75
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ROCK CYCLE

• 1. Humans are excavating minerals and removing
  rock material. It takes millions of years for
  rock to form.
• 2. Humans remove sediments for building
  materials. This removes sediments that may form
  sedimentary rocks in the future.
• 3. Humans are filling in wetlands (peatlands),
  area that will form future coal beds.

76
1. Which part of the atmosphere is the ozone
layer right above?A. Stratosphere B. Troposphere
C. Mesosphere D. Thermosphere2. How long does
it take rock formations to form?A. 1,000 years
B. 10,000 years C. 100,000 years D. 1,000,000
years E. 10,000,000 years3. What is cultural
eutrophication good for?A. Fish B. Dissolved
Oxygen in the lake C. algae D. clear lake
77
Works Cited

• http//science.pppst.com/carboncycle.html
• westernreservepublicmedia.org/earthmotion3/images/
  Carbon_Cycle.ppt
• clima-dods.ictp.it/d3/annalisa/ocean_sv/lecture1.p
  pt
• www.geology.wmich.edu/Koretsky/envs2150/Pcycle_1.p
  pt