Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology

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Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology

• THEA 2051
• A human being is only breath and shadow.
• Sophocles

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BREATH

• Animals need three things to survive food,
  water and air. Food and water can be stored but
  air cannot.

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Function of Respiration

• Primary function of breath is life
• O2 essential requirement for normal cell
  metabolism
• CO2 major waste product
• Transport O2 to cells and transport CO2 to lungs
  for excretion
• Air is expelled through MUSCLES

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Inspiration

• Air moves in and out of the lungs in response to
  pressure.
• When Alveolar pressure is negative it results in
  air flow into the lungs
• Alveolar pressure becomes equal with atmospheric
  pressure thorax stops expanding and airflow stops
• Gas flows from area of higher pressure
  (concentration) to one of lower pressure
  concentration)

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Expiration

• Chest wall relaxes and the thorax and lungs space
  decreases
• When Alveoli pressure is positive to atmospheric
  pressure the result is air flow out of the lungs
• Pressure becomes equal and gas movement ceases

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• Muscles of Inspiration contract creating a
  negative pressure drawing air in.
• To equalize pressure in the lungs two forces,
  (active which is muscular and passive which
  consists of gravity and elastic recoil) empty
  them.

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Elastic Recoil
Elastic recoil is an objects ability, after its
shape is changed through forces to reclaim its
original shape once those forces are removed.
Elastic recoil works on any tissue including
muscles, bones and organs. So as the muscles of
inspiration relax the body springs back, helping
to empty the lungs.
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Respiratory Volumes

• Vital Capacity is the maximum usable air.
• Includes
• INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
• TIDAL VOLUME
• EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

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Perkins and Kent, Textbook of Functional Anatomy
of Speech, Language and Hearing (4th Ed),
Williams and Wilkins, 1993
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Contd

• Residual volume- even after forced expiration a
  residual amount of air is present in the alveoli
• (2 L)
• Tidal volume- volume of gas inhaled or exhaled
  during a normal breath
• (500- 600ml)
• Inspiratory reserve volume- amount of gas that
  can be forcefully expired after inspiration of
  normal tidal volume
• (2 L)
• Expiratory reserve volume expiration
• (2 L)
• TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY is 7 L

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For Speech

• In speech we want to increase Tidal Volume. We
  want to increase the 500ml amount to use it more
  effectively and efficiently.
• Breath for life Thorax expands slightly
• Breath for speech Thorax expands significantly

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Upper Airway Anatomy

• Trachea- 15-20 C shaped cartilages, anterior
  to esophagus
• Bronchial tree- primary bronchi divide into R and
  L divide into secondary bronchi as they enter
  the lungs form bronchioles extend into each lobe
• Alveoli- primarily where gas exchange takes
  place, coated with surfactant which keeps them
  from collapsing

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Breathing
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Movement of Breath

•  
• The THORAX increases in THREE WAYS
• VERICAL Downward motion-Bicycle Pump
• TRANSVERSE- Bucket handle motion
• ANTEROPOSTERIOR Water-Pump handle motion

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VERTICAL MOVEMENT

• Vertical expansion is achieved by lowering of the
  Diaphragm.

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VERTICAL MOVEMENT
The pelvic diaphragm and the thoracic diaphragm
move down when inspiring.
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TRANSVERSE

• Transverse (Lateral) increase happens at the rib
  cage.
• This movement is sometimes referred to as BUCKET
  HANDLE.
• The movement comes from the lower portion due to
  CARTLIDGE as well as the shape of the ribs.
• Lower ribs are shaped in direction of movement.
• Upper ribs are more horizontal.
• It is the outward movement which assists the
  diaphragm as well as providing more space for
  the lungs

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Transverse
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TRANSVERSE
Latarel Axis
Spine
Anterior-posterior axis
A torqued rib
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ANTERPOSTERIOR

• This movement is less efficient (5-10)
• Increases the size of the cavity from the upper
  chest, from sternum.
• It is called PUMP HANDLE MOTION.
• It is less flexible not as much breath can be
  taken.
• The expansion will not allow the intake of much
  breath.

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Contraction of the diaphragm, intercostals and
interchondral muscles stop and elastic recoil
brings them to released position.
Diaphragm and rib-cage relax decreasing the
vertical, lateral and anterior-posterior
dimensions of the thorax.
Diaphragm contracts down, increasing the vertical
dimension of the thorax.
Brain (medulla and higher centers) sends impulse
to inspire.
Intercostals and interchondral muscles contract
expanding lateral and anterior-posterior
dimensions of the thorax.
Abdominal and intercostals muscles contract
decreasing thoracic volume.
Pressure is equalized in the lungs.
EXPIRATION
INSPIRATION
Gas is expelled from the lungs.
Positive air pressure is created in the lungs.
Negative air pressure is created in the lungs
Air is drawn into the lungs.
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Types of Breathing

• Habit can create an emotional response such as
  shallow chest breathing and anxiety
• Combination of VERTICAL and LATERAL is most
  efficient there is greater muscular control
  possible
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• VERTICAL move of the diaphragm down can sometimes
  be confused with stomach breathing
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• NOT EVERYBODYS MIND OR BODY WILL CONNECT IN THE
  SAME WAY.

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Lungs

• Smooth muscle in bronchioles, attached to heart
  by pulmonary artery and veins
• Bases rest on diaphragm
• Apex extends about 2.5 cm above clavicles
• Left- two lobes
• Right- three lobes
• Separated and covered by pleural cavity
• Pleural Cavity- visceral and parietal, pleural
  space

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Breath

• This whole process feeds and cleans the body.
  Breath is part of the organism and like any
  another part its individual parts are
  interrelated and any malfunction of one affects
  the whole. Inspiration determines expiration.
  Posture allows or inhibits breath. Both posture
  and respiration influence phonation and speech.

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What is breath? Merriam-Websters first
definition of breath is a kind of emanation.
Travelling down the lexicological path, emanation
is defined as   1 a the action of emanating a
flowing forth experiencing our consciousness as
an emanation of the creative impulse that rules
the world Albert Schweitzer the emanation of
light from a candle   b the origination of the
world conceived in Neoplatonism not as a creation
out of nothing but as a series of hierarchically
descending radiations from the Godhead to nous
and other intermediate stages and ultimately to
matter   c the procession (as of Jesus Christ
or the Holy Spirit) directly from the Godhead
distinguished from creation as used of mortal
beings
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Letting Go.

• Breath itself is nominal. It is a concept.
  It is about shaping the shapeless, snatching
  order from chaos. Creation. Breath is the
  intellectual emanation that creates the eye of
  the storm. How can an emanation support the
  physical action of speaking? Through allowance,
  ease and trust.