Lab Exercise 36

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Lab Exercise 36

• Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Portland Community College BI 233
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Terminology

• Pulmonary Ventilation aka breathing, is the
  movement of air into and out of the lungs
• External Respiration The gas exchange between
  the blood and alveoli
• Internal Respiration Exchange of gases between
  systemic blood and tissue cells
• Cellular Respiration Happens in Mitochondria
  Metabolic reactions that consume O2 and release
  CO2 during ATP production

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Upper Lower Respiratory System

• Upper Respiratory System
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Lower Respiratory System
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs

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Nasal Cavity
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Nasal Cavity

• The nasal epithelium covering the conchae serves
  to cleanse, warm and humidify the air
• Nasal conchae increase the surface areas for the
  mucus epithelium
• The olfactory epithelium in the upper medial part
  of the nasal cavity is involved in the sense of
  smell.
• The nasal cavity serves as a resonating chamber
  as well as an avenue for escaping air.

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Nasal Turbinates or Conchae

• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  with goblet cells pushes trapped dust toward the
  back of the throat to be swallowed.

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Sinuses
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Pharynx aka the Throat
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Pharynx

• Connects the nasal and oral cavities to the
  larynx and esophagus
• Anatomically divided into 3 sections
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

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Tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils

• Tonsils lymphoid tissue.

Palatine tonsils
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Larynx aka Voice Box

• Made of 9 pieces of cartilage, the most important
  are
• Thyroid cartilage (Adams Apple)
• Thyrohyoid membrane
• Cricoid Cartilage
• Cricothroid ligament
• Epiglottis
• Arytenoid Cartilage

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Inside the Larynx

• Vestibular Folds folds of mucous membranes
• Upper folds false vocal cords
• Lower folds true vocal cords
• These attach to the arytenoid cartilages by the
  vocal ligaments
• Glottis The vocal cords and the space between
  the folds.
• Rima glottis the space between the vocal folds

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Framework of the Larynx
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Larynx
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Vocal Cords
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Glottis True cords plus slit
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Trachea aka Windpipe

• Flexible and mobile tube extending from the
  larynx into the mediastinum
• Composed of three layers
• Mucosa made up of goblet cells and ciliated
  pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Submucosa connective tissue deep to the mucosa
• Adventitia outermost layer, has C-shaped rings
  of hyaline cartilage

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Trachea Histology
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Trachea Histology
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Seromucous Glands (Trachea)
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Trachea
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Airways
Larynx
Trachea
Right Mainstem Bronchi
Left Mainstem Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Carina
Secondary Bronchi
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Respiratory Tree
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Branching of Bronchial Tree

• Trachea
• Primary Bronchi
• Secondary Bronchi
• Tertiary Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Terminal/Respiratory Bronchioles

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Bronchi

• The carina of the last tracheal cartilage marks
  the end of the trachea and the beginning of the
  right and left bronchi
• Left main stem bronchus
• Right main stem bronchus
• Bronchi subdivide into secondary bronchi, each
  supplying a lobe of the lungs

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Bronchi Bronchioles

• Tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
• As conducting tubes become smaller, structural
  changes occur and eventually they become
  bronchioles
• Cartilage support structures change
• Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they lack
  cartilage
• Epithelium types change
• Amount of smooth muscle increases

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Bronchi Histology
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Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles

• Respiratory Bronchioles Continued branching
  leads to the area where gas exchange occurs by
  simple diffusion

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Bronchiole Histology
Simple columnar epithelium
Notice the lack of cartilage
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Respiratory BronchiolesAlveolar Ducts Alveolar
sacs
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Alveolar sacs Alveoli

• Alveolar sacs look like clusters of grapes
• The individual grapes are Alveoli

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Alveoli Histology

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Type II Pneumocytes are cuboidal and produce
surfactant
Type 1 Pneumocytes are flattened for gas exchange
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Respiratory Membrane

• The area where gas exchange between air and blood
  occurs
• It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls (3
  layers)
• Alveolar epithelium
• Fused basal laminae
• Capillary epithelium

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Respiratory Membrane
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Pleura

• Pleura is the double-layered sac of serous
  membrane
• Parietal Pleura is the outer layer and is
  attached to the thoracic walls
• Visceral Pleura is the inner layer covering the
  lung tissue
• The layers are only touching, they are not fused
  together
• The potential space is called the pleural cavity
• There is serous fluid between the layers which
  allows them to slide against each other during
  breathing

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Pleural cavity is in between the two layers
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Lungs

• Apex the part under the clavicle
• Base the part touching the diaphragm
• Costal Surface the part touching the ribs
• Hilus indentation containing pulmonary and
  systemic blood vessels
• Left Lung has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch
• Left upper lobe
• Left lower lobe
• Right Lung has 3 lobes
• Right upper lobe, middle lobe, lower lobe

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Lungs
LUL
RUL
Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Cardiac notch
Oblique fissure
LLL
RML
RLL
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Lung Lobes
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Muscles of Inspiration
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Muscles Inspiration Expiration
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Lab Exercise 37A

• Respiratory System Physiology
• Buffers

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Inspiration/Expiration

• Inspiration Increase in thoracic cavity size
• Inspiratory muscles
• External intercostals (lift the rib cage)
• Diaphragm (Becomes flat)
• Expiration Decrease in thoracic cavity size
• Expiratory muscles
• For the most part it is just the relaxation of
  the inspiratory muscles (passive process)
• Internal intercostals abdominal muscles used
  only for forced expiration

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Respiratory Sounds

• Bronchial sounds Air in large passageways
• Vesicular breathing sounds air filling the
  alveolar sacs
• Auscultation
• Throat
• Intercostal spaces
• Triangle of auscultation
• Under the clavicle

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Conducting Zone

• All respiratory passageways that are not involved
  in gas exchange
• All are mucous lined
• From the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles
• Aka Anatomical dead space

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Respiratory Zone

• Thin walled simple squamous epithelium allows gas
  exchange with blood
• Respiratory Zone Structures
• Respiratory bronchioles
• Alveolar ducts
• Alveolar sacs
• Alveoli

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Spirometry

• Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test
• Measures the volume of air inspired or expired as
  a function of time.
• It can measure tidal volume, and vital capacity.
• Spirometry may also be used to measure forced
  expiration rates and volumes and to compute
  FEV1/FVC ratios

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Spirometry

• Spirometry cannot access information about
  absolute lung volumes
• It cannot measure the amount of air in the lung
  but only the amount entering or leaving.

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Respiratory Volumes

• Tidal Volume TV
• Volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during
  quiet breathing about 500 mL.
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume IRV
• Volume that can be inhaled during forced
  breathing in addition to tidal volume 3100mL.
• Expiratory Reserve Volume ERV
• Volume that can be exhaled during forced
  breathing after a normal tidal volume 1200 mL.

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Respiratory Volumes

• Minute Respiratory Volume MRV
• The volume of air breathed during 1 min.
• MRV (ml/min) TV x Respirations/min
• Residual Volume RV
• can not be measured using spirometry
• Volume that remains in the lungs at all times
  1200 mL.

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Respiratory Capacity

• Vital Capacity VC
• Maximum volume that can be exhaled after taking
  the deepest breath.
• VC TV IRV ERV
• Total Lung Capacity TLC
• can not be measured using spirometry
• Total volume of air that the lungs can hold.
• TLC VC RV

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Pulmonary Function Tests

• Pulmonary function tests help distinguish between
  obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases
• Forced Vital Capacity FVC
• amount expelled after taking the deepest breath
  possible then exhaling forcefully and rapidly
• Forced expiratory volume FEVT
• The percentage of vital capacity exhaled during a
  specific time
• FEV1 is during the first second (normally 75 to
  85 of FVC)
• FEV1 is low in obstructive disease

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Pulmonary Function Test
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Pulmonary Function Tests

• Typical values for a patient with COPD
• Shows air trapping
• (values shown as of expected value)
• FEV1 61
• Vital Capacity 73
• FEV1/VC 0.61 (normally gt0.72)
• Residual volume 175
• Total lung capacity 105

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Buffers

• Buffers are chemicals that can regulate or
  stabilize pH change by removing H
• Buffers convert strong acids to weak acids
• Weak acids contribute fewer H ions have less
  effect on pH

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Acid Base Balance in Blood

• In the RBC and minimally in the plasma, this
  reaction takes place
• CO2 H2O ?? H2CO3 ?? HCO3- H
• The bicarbonate ions (HCO3- ) help buffer the
  blood by combining with extra H in the blood.
• Carbonic acid (H2CO3) releases H when the blood
  becomes too basic.
• This way, the balance of H remains steady and
  the pH is doesnt fluctuate.

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Carbonic Acid Buffer SystemDealing with Acids

• CO2 H2O ?? H2CO3 ?? HCO3- H
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  (Add an acid) H
• The H will combine with HCO3- to create H2CO3
• H2CO3 will then dissociate into CO2 H2O
• Breathing will increase to rid the body of the
  extra CO2

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Carbonic Acid Buffer SystemDealing with Bases

• CO2 H2O ?? H2CO3 ?? HCO3- H
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  (Add a base) OH-
• The OH- will combine with H to create H2O
• H2CO3 will dissociate into HCO3- H to
  restore the H concentration

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The End
The End