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GLOBAL WARMING AGRICULTURE AND LEADERSHIP
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DR. KIRIT N SHELAT,
I.A.S (RTD) Email ID kiritshelat_at_hotmail.com
12th National Conference on Responding to Global
Climate Change and Community Education 19-21st
Feb 2009 At Indian Institution of Education - Pune
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

•  
• Sustainable development is a pattern of resource
  use that aims to meet human needs while
  preserving the environment so that these needs
  can be met not only in the present, but in the
  indefinite future
• Sustainable development as development that
  "meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs.
• It is growth oriented - of natural and all other
  resources.
• Sustainable development provides incremental
  values to all participants.

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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

• The greenhouse effect refers to the change in the
  steady state temperature by the presence of an
  atmosphere containing gas that absorbs and emits
  infrared radiation. The greenhouse gases trap
  heat within the surface-troposphere system.
• Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up 98 percent of
  the Earths atmosphere. But they do not absorb
  significant amounts of infrared radiation, and
  thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• It is like water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone,
  methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons
  that absorb heat and increase atmospheric
  temperatures.
•  Increased heat has an impact on climate
  weather becomes unpredictable wild. This has
  manifold consequences on habitats all over the
  world none of which seem pleasant

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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

• Of the human-produced greenhouse gases, the one
  that contributes the bulk in terms of radioactive
  forcing is carbon dioxide. CO2. production from
  increased industrial activity (fossil fuel
  burning) and other human activities such as
  cement production and tropical deforestation has
  increased the concentrations in the atmosphere.
• The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the
  atmosphere increased from 285 ppm at the end of
  the nineteenth century, before the industrial
  revolution, to about 366 ppm in 1998 (equivalent
  to a 28-percent increase). As a consequence of
  anthropogenic emissions of about 405 giatonnes of
  carbon ( C ) (60 gigatonnes C) into the
  atmosphere (IPCC, 2001)
• IPCC 2001 Climate change the scientific basis
  Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
•  
•  

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CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSES NATURAL DISASTERS THAT
CREATE

• Loss of life
• Loss of Agriculture crops and animals
• Loss of livelihood
• Loss of health and quality of life
• Increased risk of diseases outbreak
• Damage to infrastructure and communication
  particularly rural areas.
• Setbacks to social and economic development.
• Pushing people in rural areas again back within
  poverty line.

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SOME NATURAL DISASTURES IN RECENT YEARS IN INDIA
AND EFFECTS

• India like other countries in the world have had
  natural disasters but its recurrence has
  enhanced in the new millennium.
• Gujarat Earthquake 2001 The Bhuj earthquake that
  shook Gujarat was a most deadly earthquake to
  strike India.
• The death toll of 19,727.
• Injured at 166,000.
• 6 lacks people homeless
• 348,000 houses destroyed
• 20,000 cattle killed.
• Estimated losses at 1.3 billion.
• The Earth continues to simmer thereafter and
  there are in numberable mild earth quakes in
  Gujarat thereafter days in and days out.

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SOME NATURAL DISASTURES IN RECENT YEARS IN INDIA
AND ITS EFFECTS

• Tsunami December 2004 affected Andaman
  Nicobar, Pondicherry, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh loss
  of Agri crops, cattle wealth, housing and
  livelihood.
•  Mumbai Floods 26th July 2005 city got
  paralyzed and floods in Maharashtra
•  
• Surat Flood (2006) Estimated loss of Rs.22,000
  crore. Citys infrastructure affected, individual
  losses and crops like sugarcane (Rs4,000 crore)
  were lost.
• Heavy rains in 2007 in Rajasthan with flooding
  and consequent breakout of diseases, loss of
  crops and cattle wealth.
• Bihar 2008 Koshi river overflow with dam in
  Nepal giving away large area of Bihar UP got
  affected.

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ONE SOILD WAY TO MEET CHALLENGE OF GLOBAL
WARMING IS TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICUTURE
DEVELOPMENT

• This aims at
• Using land and water resources for the field of
  sustainable development for environmental
  sustainability, economic sustainability and
  sociopolitial sustainability. Agriculture
  Provides income and provides land cover. It aims
  at continued growth within that rapid growth of
  poor families.
• It is multi skill approach for livlihood. It
  involves individual family and community,
  individually and jointly.
• Says Shri. Kantisen Shroff In our sunlit
  tropical areas all our natural resources are
  through the process of photosynthesis. That means
  the CO2 form the atmosphere with molecule forms
  the basis of all resources and we also get back
  oxygen. We have measured these conversions and
  seen the positive changes in the environment.
  (The case studies of this vision are in the
  following pages).
•  

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES

•  
•         Agriculture Crops
•         Horticulture crops
• Live stock
• - Cattle
• - Poultry - Pig - Horse
  - Donkey
• - Sheep goats 
•  Bee Keeping
• Agro Forestry and Grasses
• Fisheries

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CARBON ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS

• The increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration
  stimulates the process of photosynthesis
  (currently substrate-limited) and consequently
  plant growth, as extensive experimental research
  has shown (IPCC, 2000).
• (IPCC 2000 Land use, land use change and
  forestry. A special report of the IPCC Cambridge,
  UK, Cambridge University Press )
• The extent of this stimulation varies for forest
  (up to 60 percent) for pastures and crops (about
  14 percent).
• There are three basic types of photosynthesis 
  C3, C4, and CAM.  Each type has its own
  advantages and disadvantages. Photosynthetic
  response of different crop species differs with
  increasing CO2. Approximately, 35 of the
  terrestrial plants are C3 species, while 1 are
  C4 and 4 use CAM pathway of photosynthesis.
  (Bowes, 1993).
• (Bowes G. 1993 Facing the Inevitable plants and
  Increasing Atmospheric CO2. Annula Reviews of
  Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,
  44309-332)

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CARBON ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS

•        
• According to some estimates, a single row of
  trees planted with or without shrubs can reduce
  particulate matter by 25 and each hectare (2.471
  acres) of plantation can produce enough oxygen to
  keep about 45 persons alive.
•  
• The foliage of a single mature beech tree(Fagus
  sylvatica), for example, can extract more than
  2.5kg (5.5lb) of CO2 from the atmosphere, and
  produce 1.7kg (3.7lb) of oxygen in one hour,
  which in theory is enough for the needs of ten
  people in a year

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CARBON SEQUESTRATION

•  
• Action taken to sequester Carbon in biomass and
  soils will generally increase the organic matter
  content of soils.
• This has a positive impact on environmental,
  agricultural and biodiversity aspects of
  ecosystems.
• The consequences of an increase in soil carbon
  storage can include increases in soil fertility,
  land productivity for food production and
  security, and prevention of land degradation.
• Therefore, this constitutes a win - win situation

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FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY

•  
• There is an urgent need to address food security
  and sustainability in productivity. Efficient
  land use, development programmes on wasteland and
  watershed management.
• Global warming and Green House Effect has
  already made lot of impact on people from school
  children to senior citizens, all people of
  different occupation and knowledge
  specialization. All want and understand that
  vegetation must be promoted to counter global
  warming.
• These Efforts need to be channelised to achieve
  immediate requirements such as food security,
  biodiversity and sustainable agriculture through
  more appropriate and efficient land use and
  wasteland development.
•  

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RESTORATION STRATEGIES

•  Agro forestry
•  
• In wastelands particularly in culturable
  wastelands, agroforestry can play an important
  role. India has 1.29 million hectors of
  wasteland.
•  Such lands can sustain trees and grasses.
•  Agri-hortisystem, growing trees at random
  (largely followed by the farmers), border
  plantations, silviculture, silvipasture etc needs
  to be promoted.
•  Salt affected soils can be saline, sodic or
  saline sodic. Underground water is also mostly
  saline with a high water table. These are
  species, which can be grown on such soils.
• Salvadora persica ( Piludi) is a well-known
  salt tolerant species. Its seed oil has
  commercial value.

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RESTORATION STRATEGIES

• Studies conducted at the Bhal zone by the Central
  soil Salinity Institute, Regional Research
  Station, Bharuch showed that in soils with ECe
  ranging from 25 to 65 the average seed yield, oil
  content and oil yield at the end of the 4th year
  after planting were 1.84 t/ha, 31.1 and 5.76
  q/ha. A net return of Rs. 7250/ha was possible
  after 4 years.(Gururaja Rao et.al. 2003). The
  species has a very good reclaiming effect also.
• Prosopis juliflora (Gando Baval) is another such
  species. In Kutch district, it was observed that
  in highly salt affected soil with water table at
  less than 30 cm with a barren surface with no
  grass, the species not only grew well but after 5
  years had grasses underneath and get multiplied
  on its own. It has great fuel value by converting
  into coal or by direct gasification.
• There are many other species which are salinity
  resistant and can thrive on margin areas of
  desert and marshy lands.
• The case studies in following pages show how
  practicable and possible it is to achieve this.

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SALT TOLERANCE OF DIFFERENT FORAGE SPECIES
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CASE STUDY 1WATER APPROACH VRTI-MANDVI

•  
• 37 projects in 34 villages of 3 blocks, covering
  20300 ha.
• Implemented as ridge to valley concept with
  cluster participatory approach.
•  
• Case study of Hamla and Manjal villages of Mandvi
  block
• Area covered 1000 ha.
• 120 families
•  

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CASE STUDY 1WATER APPROACH VRTI-MANDVI

• Activity carried out
•  
• Trainings and awareness generation
• 4 Storage tank
• 31 Farm pond
• 26 Nalaplug
• 17751 Staggered trenches
• 64 Pakka waste wear
• 113 loose boulders
• 68 Contur bounding
• 8 acre plantation
•  

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WATERSHED APPROACH VRTI- MANDVI 

•  
• Impact
•  
• Increase cultivated area - 100 acre
• Increase irrigated area - 250 acre
• Waste land developed
• Women empowerment and sustainable economic
  activity started.
• Easy availability of drinking water for human
  being and cattle
• Biannual and Triannual cropping started.
• Farmers adopted scientific agriculture practices
• Capacity building
•  

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 CASE STUDY - IVSTORY OF LAKHPAT SHRUJAN

• Watershed Approach
•  
• 2000 acre, two villages of Lakhpat Taluka.
• Chuger village farmers have first time sown crop
  in their field. It created income of more than 3
  to 4 lacs.
• Created employment of 15,970 Man-Days.
• Soil erosion reduced. It improved productivity.
• Shri Khengarji started taking two crops from
  stored water and realized income of Rs. 3 lacs.
• Water table and quality of water improved in the
  wells of surrounding area.
• Animals from surrounding five villages got water
  for drinking
• Treated area taken up for plantation under joint
  forest management
•  

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AGRO FORESTRY

•  
• Treated Area 500 Acres
• Cost Rs.27,000,00
• Storage and recharge of Water-30 Cr Lts
• Lush Green Grass Area- 250 Acres
• No of plants-
• 1 to 2 Meter Canopy- 3500
• Less than 1 Meter Canopy- 9500

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VEGETATION DETAILS
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CASE STUDY - V   

• COMMUNITY BIOGAS PROJECT SHROFFS FOUNDATION
  TRUST KANAS, CHHOTA UDEPUR
• Individual biogas scheme failed due to low cattle
  holding with individual farmer
• Community biogas plan set up after interaction
  with village community. State Government provided
  financial assistance.
• Production of 3 Ton of slurry per day and network
  of gas pipeline for village household.
• Animal holder paid price for cow dung per kg.
• Per month Rs.200/- for gas connection - 70
  householders.
• Vermicompost bed set up and slurry used for it
•  Liquid slurry not marketable but once converted
  into vermicompost, it can be transported to urban
  centers in bags after meeting local demand. Thus
  it becomes marketable product, which is the key
  to success of the project.
• The gobar and Agri waste emanates mythen but
  converted in Biogas has different value addition
  to environment.
•  

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CONCLUSION

•  
• The combination of photosynthesis and ability of
  plants to lay down (cellulose and lignin) acts as
  a powerful concentrator of carbon from the
  atmosphere into a fixed form.
• There is no parallel human technology that is
  capable of performing this kind of carbon
  concentration
•  

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CONCLUSION

• One of the most effective ways to help reduce CO2
  concentrations in the atmosphere is to increase
  the standing biomass by agriculture
  horticulture, increase the growth rate of
  forests, increase the geographic extent of
  forests, AND MOST IMPORTANT, increase the amount
  of wood used by people where it can be
  substituted for steel, cement, fossil fuel, and
  other non-renewable, energy intensive materials,
  which will result in dramatic reductions in CO2
  emissions.
• Bring all available open land under agriculture
  and forestry.
• This will provide increased income to people in
  rural areas poor families will benefit.
• With maximum number of sunny days and large area
  of waste and degraded lands India has unique
  opportunity and a role to play.
• The overall rate of land use improvement has not
  been satisfactory. But success story of certain
  well implemented projects give hope. There is
  urgent need to replicate such successful land use
  in other parts not only to combat the long term
  ill effects of Green House gases emission but
  also to address immediate pressing issues like
  food security, sustainability, biodiversity and
  farmers economic growth.

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CONCLUSION

• POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT
•  
• Number of countries in the world are having
  decline in growth of agriculture especially food
  crops. Especially in countries of Africa due to
  re-current droughts and internal turmoil and
  increasing urban areas all over world and heavy
  corporatisation of farming in some developed
  economics.
• There is increased demand not only for food but
  for other Agri. produce.
• a. Due to increasing population and per
  capita income in so
• called developing countries with major
  share of China and
• India.
• b. There is national and international
  demand for bio-fuel, which has diverted growing
  of food crops.
•  Indian farmer has shown that it has capacity to
  compete at global level.

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CONCLUSION ENHANCE PRODUCTIVITY

• Share of arable land in the world 11.5 (only
  second to USA)
• Scope for improving yield in major crops
• Opportunity to bring wasteland under cultivation
  based as per one
• international experience.
•  
• INDIAS YIELD PER HA OF WORLD AVERAGE
• Estimates in some major crops are  Paddy- 75,
  Wheat- 63, Cereals- 73, Pulses - 79, Soya-
  48, Maize- 38
• In cotton we have reached world highest yield
  with BT Cotton seeds. There are already salinity
  resistant Rice variety developed by Anand
  Agricultural University, similar research is
  underway for wheat.
• We have more than 1.30 million hector of
  wasteland by converting them into cultivable Agri
  land where salinity resistant crops can be grown
  along with Agro-forestry with watershed and
  salinity control, we can take up this challenge.
•  

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CONCLUSION

• USE OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
• What is knowledge economy?
•  
• Prof. Mukul Asher says Use knowledge economy to
  meet the challenges . By knowledge economy he
  means Systematic application of various
  sub-branches of knowledge to a given activity
• For example use of soil health and moisture
  analysis with internet linking to villages to
  guide farmers to grow sustainable crops.
• Reducing the proportion of chillies, which are
  curved rather than straight.
• Increasing economic value and resilience of
  commodities through conversion of wastelands into
  productive use (water management is key)

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CONCLUSION

•  USE OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
•   
• Use of Satellite imagery images of earth ISRO
  has network of institutions, which has data to
  map areas the wastelands, the margin areas of
  desert and marshy areas apart from micro level
  planning of village land.
• BAISAG Gujarat which is a institution promoted
  by ISRO and Government of Gujarat. BAISAG is
  involved in planning of village level lands
  including wasteland, watershed, gully plugging,
  farms ponds.
• Arial seeding of submerged areas by use of
  helicopter and small planes. Growth in Kutchh of
  Ganda Baval is an example of this.

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CONCLUSION

•  USE OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
•  Climate forecasting and management and mapping
  by use of satellite data clubbed with empirical
  data for forecasting, prevention for mitigation
  of adverse effects of natural disasters,
  droughts, floods is need of time. One such centre
  is already established in Ahmedabad.
• Improving national research for example finding
  out Carbon Absorption by different plants.
• Expanding and improving prevention of plant,
  animal and human pests and disease infestations
• Improving water management
• Combating desertification

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CONCLUSION

• USE OF KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
•   
• Plantation of bio-fuel crops which are salinity
  resistance like ganda bavala, castor crops,
  Jetropha with use of Tissue Culture and protected
  Agri and micro Irrigation with greenhouses.
• Public private partnership to develop wasteland,
  which needs high capital investment.
• Amendment of GDR in town planning scheme for
  urban, rural and industrial areas to make
  compulsory earmarking of specified area for
  plantation of trees and garden.
• Use of reserved ribbon line land of Rlys,
  national and state highways and all other public
  and properties including educational premises,
  use of margin areas of riverbed or area where
  rivers have changed course.
•  

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CONCULSION

• LEADERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• Global warming is a threat can be converted
  into an opportunity
• Win-win situation for all if efforts are
  channelised with focus on sustainable development
  with agriculture at its centre.
• There is over all awareness at all levels from
  school children to senior citizen with public and
  private players.
• But key to all these is LEADERSHIP which is
  motivated and committed for promotion of
  sustainable development with a clear vision,
  detailed plan and implementation strategy based
  on use of knowledge economy.
• The leadership at all level - village, taluka,
  district, state and centre need to focus on
  farmers. The agriculture is growing at 2 to 4
  compared to service and manufacturing which are
  above 8. This has created urban and rural
  divine.
• As per NSSO 2005 60 of farmers do not like
  farming. Within agriculture also there is
  disparity, some farmers are becoming prosperous
  others commit suicide or wed Naxalism
•  

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CONCULSION

• LEADERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• All kinds of leaders. The Elected Sarpanches,
  Taluka Pramukhs, District Pramukhs, MLAs, MPs,
  Cooperatives, trade and industry association and
  like
• The Non Elected leaders Owner/Entrepreneurs,
  Managing Director of companies, NGOs, Civil
  Servants, Educational Leaders (teachers), Armed
  Forces even the Spiritual Leaders.
• If all act together with a goal in view -
  there will be all round prosperity.