Title: Blood
1Blood
Ch 17
2Blood
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
3Function Blood
- Deliver O2
- Remove metabolic wastes
- Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
- Protection from blood loss- platelets
- Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
- Transport hormones
4Blood
Plasma-55
Buffy coat-lt1
Formed elements-45
5 Blood Plasma Components-55
- 90 Water
- 8 Solutes
- Proteins
- Albumin (60 )
- Alpha and Beta Globulins
- Gamma Globulins
- fibrinogens
- Gas
- Electrolytes
6Blood Plasma Components
- Organic Nutrients
- Carbohydrates
- Amino Acids
- Lipids
- Vitamins
- Hormones
- Metabolic waste
- CO2
- Urea
7Buffy Coat- lt1
8Formed Elements of the Blood-45
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
9Erythrocytes
10Erythrocyte?7.5?m in dia Anucleate- so can't
reproduce however, repro in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis- production of RBC Function-
transport respiratory gases Hemoglobin-
quaternary structure, 2 ? chains and 2 ?
chains Lack mitochondria. Why? 1 RBC
contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules Men- 5 million cells/mm3 Women-
4.5 million cells/mm3 Life span 100-120 days
and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
11Hemoglobin
12Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) blood cell formation
- Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton,
girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and
femur
13Hematopoiesis
- Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
- Give rise to all formed elements
- Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward
a specific pathway of blood cell development - New blood cells enter blood sinusoids
14Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoiesis red blood cell production
- A hemocytoblast is transformed into a
proerythroblast - Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts
15Erythropoiesis
- Phases in development
- Ribosome synthesis
- Hemoglobin accumulation
- Ejection of the nucleus and formation of
reticulocytes - Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes
16Stem cell
Committed cell
Developmental pathway
Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus
Reticulo- cyte
Erythro- cyte
Proerythro- blast
Early erythroblast
Late erythroblast
Normoblast
Hemocytoblast
Figure 17.5
17Regulation of Erythropoiesis
- Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
- Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
- Balance between RBC production and destruction
depends on - Hormonal controls
- Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B
vitamins
18Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
- Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia
19Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
- Causes of hypoxia
- Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces
RBC numbers - Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
- Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)
20Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
- Effects of EPO
- More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow
cells - Increased circulating reticulocyte count in
12 days - Testosterone also enhances EPO production,
resulting in higher RBC counts in males
21Formation Destruction of RBCs
22Blood Cell Production
23RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity
insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that
can cause anemia- exercise, B12
deficiency Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,
? viscosity of blood 8-11 million
cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer, tissue
hypoxia, dehydration however, naturally occurs
at high elevations Blood doping- in
athletes?remove blood 2 days before event and
then replace it Epoetin- banned by Olympics.
24RBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in
just one of the 287 amino acids in the ? chain in
the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400
African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin
crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low,
causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous
for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria
infested countries, the heterozygous condition is
beneficial.
25Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
26Types of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
- Granulocytes
- Neutrophils- 40-70
- Eosinophils- 1-4
- Basophils- lt1
- Agranulocytes
- Monocytes- 4-8
- Lymphocytes- 20-45
27Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte
28ID WBCs
29Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
Diapedesis
30WBC Diseases
- Leukopenia
- Abnormally low WBC countdrug induced
- Leukemias
- Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
- Named according to the abnormal WBC clone
involved - Mononucleosis
- highly contagious viral disease caused by
Epstein-Barr virus excessive of agranulocytes
fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks
31Platelets
- Small fragments of megakaryocytes
- Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
- Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
- Granules contain serotonin, Ca2, enzymes, ADP,
and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
32Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocyto- blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12
33Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
34Hemostasis
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
35Hemostasis( feedback)
Traps RBC platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
36Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread
37Disorders of Hemostasis
- Thromboembolytic disorders undesirable clot
formation - Bleeding disorders abnormalities that prevent
normal clot formation
38Thromboembolytic Conditions
- Thrombus clot that develops and persists in an
unbroken blood vessel - May block circulation, leading to tissue death
- Embolus a thrombus freely floating in the blood
stream - Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body
to obtain oxygen - Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
39Thromboembolytic Conditions
- Prevented by
- Aspirin
- Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
- Heparin
- Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and
postoperative cardiac care - Warfarin
- Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation
40Bleeding Disorders
- Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to
inflammation, infection or cancer - Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
- causes spontaneous bleeding
- due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow
(e.g., malignancy, radiation) - Platelet count lt50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
- Treated with transfusion of concentrated
platelets -
41Bleeding Disorders
- Impaired liver function
- Inability to synthesize procoagulants
- Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis,
and cirrhosis - Liver disease can also prevent the liver from
producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K
absorption
42Bleeding Disorders
- Hemophilias include several similar hereditary
bleeding disorders - Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially
into joint cavities - Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of
missing factors
43Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait,
primarily carried by males (x chromosome)
44Blood Types
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
45Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major
antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood
type Antigen Antibody A A
anti-B B B anti-A A B
AB no anti body Neither A or B
O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the
surface of a RBC membrane Antibody-
proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are
made in response to the presence of
antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which
result in clumping (agglutination)
46Type A
47Type B
48Type O
49Type AB
50Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH indicates protein
RH indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
51Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh mother w/Rh- baby no problem Rh- mother
w/Rh baby problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father no
problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used _at_ 28 weeks
52Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal
donor Rh factor Rh 85 dominant in pop Rh-
15 recessive Blood Type Clumping Antibody A
antigen A anti-A serum antibody
anti-b B antigen B anti-B serum antibody
anti-a AB antigen A B anti A B serum
- O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A
or B anti-a, anti-b
53Serum
Blood being tested
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and
B agglutinates with both sera)
RBCs
Type A (contains agglutinogen A agglutinates
with anti-A)
Type B (contains agglutinogen B agglutinates
with anti-B)
Type O (contains no agglutinogens does
not agglutinate with either serum)
Figure 17.16
54(No Transcript)
55ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A
i B I B I B or I B i AB I A I B
56Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross
i
IB
IAi
IAIB
IA
IA
IAi
IAIB
57INQUIRY
- What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and
thrombocyte? - What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
cells? - What dietary component is needed for the
production of red blood cells? - The largest cells in the blood that leave the
bloodstream to become macrophages are ____. - In an acute infection, the white cell count would
show as ______. - Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as
hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers
carrying ____ fetuses. - What antigens and antibodies found on AB red
cells? - In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a
type O person?