( EDFA) Raman Amplifier Raman amplification Optical

1
Optical Communication
Guided Communication
Standards, Concepts, System Design, Hardware
Experiments, Software Experiments and
Simulation, Networks and Recent Trends
2
Optical Communications
3 D visualization
Virtual reality
SGI 16 processor Parallel computer
Router
PC cluster
3
Worldwide Fiber Deployment
Deploying Fiber at Mach 3
Optical Fiber

• Fiber is deployed at a rate of 2000 miles every
  hour

4
Service Network (Tier 1 Internet Service Provider)
Anchorage, AK
Seattle
Spokane
Portland
Portland
St. Paul
Minneapolis
Chicago
Albany
Syracuse
Cambridge
Rochester
Milwaukee
Wayne
Grand Rapids
Framingham
Providence
Providence
RollingMeadows
Stamford
Detroit
Glenview
Buffalo
White Plains
Bridgeport
Sacramento
Hartford
Philadelphia
Plymouth
Cedar Knolls
Altoona
NYC
Cleveland
Salt LakeCity
Pittsburgh
Omaha
Rochelle Pk
Silver Springs
Newark
Las Vegas
San Francisco
Columbus
San Francisco
Hamilton Square
Kansas City
Baltimore
New York City
Indianapolis
Denver
Arlington
Wash.DC
Cincinnati
San Jose
Richmond
Oakland
St Louis
ColoradoSprings
Louisville
Redwood City
Los Angeles
Raleigh
Albuquerque
Nashville
Sherman Oaks
OklahomaCity
Charlotte
Tulsa
Honolulu
SanBernardino
Los Angeles
Little Rock
Gardena
Anaheim
Columbia
Phoenix
San Diego
Gateway Node
Dallas
Atlanta
Ft. Worth
Backbone Node
Jacksonville
R
Remote GSR Access Router
Orlando
New Orleans
Austin
Houston
Tampa
Ojus
Fort Lauderdale
N X OC12
Miami
N X OC48
N X OC192
5
Lightwave Evolution

• 1975 Coax, 274 Mb/s at 1km repeater spacing
• 1980 0.8 um GaAs lasers, MMF, 45 Mb/s _at_ 10km
• 1987 1.3 um InGaAsP lasers, SMF, 1.7 Gb/s _at_ 50km
• 1990s 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, SMF, 2.5-10
  Gb/s _at_ 40km
• 1990s WDM, 1.55 um InGaAsP DFB lasers, EDFA,
  SMF, 2.5-10 Gb/s _at_ 300-10,000km repeater spacing
• 2002 64 WDM chx 10Gbps over 250,000 km span

6
Optical Communication (Handout)

• Concept of field propagation in optical
  fibresOptical Confinement, cutoff condition,
  single mode/multimode concept 2(T)
• Concept of field absorption, scatteringloss,Fibre
  loss, linear scattering
  2(T)
• Concept of pulse broadening and bandwidth
  limitation Dispersion in fibres 2(T)
• Concept of dispersion reduction and B.L
  optimization. Zero dispersion concepts, DSF,
  DFFClass discussions Ch.3 (R2)
• Non linear effects in optical fibres
  SRS,SBS,SPM,XPM,FWMClass, 3.4 (R1)

7

• Concept of semiconductors sources LED ILD 5.3
  (R1), 3 (T)
• Concepts of optical gainLaser modes, laser
  action, mode selection 3(T),9.2 (R4)
• Concept of high speed S.C lasers Chirping
  control, mode selectionClass, 6.6 (R2) Concept of
  Electo-Optic effectPockel effect Kerr effect
  based devices 17 (R3)
• Concept of Acousto-Optic effectRaman Bragg
  modulators, deflectors 17 (R3)
• Concepts of Transmitter design.Coherent light
  wave TransmittersClass, 10 (R4)

8

• Concept of performance issues of transmitters
  Reliability, Testing, chirping and performance
  studyClass notesConcept of photo
  detectionPIN,APD, MSM. 6(R1),4(T)
• Concept of optical receiverReceiver design, S/N
  Estimation, Digital optical receivers10(T)
  ClassDo
• Digital receiver sensitivity (Coherent
  receivers)6.3-6.4(R1) 10(T)Concept of receivers
  performanceDesign issues, S/N and BER
  optimization. 10(T),6.4, 6.5 (R1)
• Concept of receivers overviewPractical receiver
  discussionClass, 11 (R4),10(T)
• Concept of Semiconductor laser amplifierSLA,6(T)Co
  ncept of active fibre amplifiers SRA, SBS 6(T)
• Concepts of Doped fibre amplifiers EDFA 6(T),
  Class notes
• Concept of light wave amplifier systems.Design
  and application of amplifiers Ch.6 (T)

9

• Concept of light wave communication systemsDesign
  issues of communication systemsClassConcept of
  design Power penaltyPower penalty estimation and
  reduction approaches .5.4 (T)
• Concept and design guide-lines for optical
  linkPower penalty considerations and link budget.
  5.4 (T)Concept of optical network and system
  architectures Different topologies used in
  optical network8 (R1),6(R3)
• Concept of Optical Networks Optical LAN , WANS,
  SONET/SDH8 (R1),6(R3)
• Concept WDM light wave system Channel spacing
  decision, multipliers, design issues 8(T)Concept
  of WDM system components couplers/routers/switches
  8(T)Do

10

• Optical filters and Concepts of WDM
  Transmitters/Receivers
• Practical Transmitters /ReceiversClass,12.2
  (R4)Concept of WDM system performance
• Linear and Non linear effects8(T)Concepts of WDM
  Networking
• WDM Network routing/management8(R3)Concept of
  time division multiplying
• Optical TDM techniques.7.4 (R1)Concept of soliton
  communication
• Soliton Generation19 (R2), 9(T)7.10 (T)
• Soliton Interaction 9(T)
• High capacity soliton systems and jitter
  reduction 9(T)Concept of WDM soliton system
• Soliton Multiplexing techniquesClass notesTo
  learn new development in optical communication
• New trends in optical communicationR3,Class
  notesDo
• Networking, communicationR3,Class notes

11

• Test I 50 mts. 20 OB
• Test II 50 mts. 20 CB
• Seminar / Lab
• Assignments (1010)
• Compre.Exam. 3hrs 40 OB/CB
  

12
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
SUBSYSTEMS (TRANSMITTER,CHANNEL,RECEIVER) SYSTEM
COMPONENTS(CONNECTOR,COUPLER,FILTER, SWITCH,ROUTER
,ISOLATOR etc.) COMPONENET CHARACTERIZATION
TESTING SUBSYSTEM INTEGRATION SYSTEM
DESIGN SYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION APPLICATION
13
Telecommunication
T1, 24 DS0 multiplexed1.544Mbps
T2 , 4 T1 multiplexed 6.312Mbps
T3, 7T2 multiplexed 44.736 Mbps
T4, 6T3 multiplexed 274.176 Mbps
14
Optical Carrier OC-1 SONET signal hierarchy
OC-1 STS-1 (Synch. trans. Level-1) 51.84Mbps
OC-3 STS-3 155.52Mbps (STM-1/SDH)
OC-12 STS-12 622.08 Mbps (STM-4)
OC-24 STS-24 1244.16 Mbps (STM-8)
OC-48 STS-48 2488.32 Mbps STM-16
OC-96 STS-96 4976.64 Mbps STM-32
OC-192 STS-192 9953.28 Mbps STM-64
15
OPTICAL CHANNEL
Optical waveguide
Optical Fibers
Operating Window
Types of fibers ( major)
Graded Index / Step Index
Multi Mode /Mono Mode
16
Wave guide specifications parameters
Numerical Aperture (NA)
Index Profile ( a-profile)
Relative Index (?)
Core parameter ( u )
Cladding Parameter ( w)
Normalised Frequency (V)
Propagation vector(ß)
Normalised Propagation Constant(b)
17
PMD delay
18
Dispersion Properties
Dispersion curve
Group velocity /phase velocity
Pulse dispersion
Inter modal
Intra modal
Group index
Material Dispersion
Wave Guide Dispersion
19
Spectrum for communication
20
Signal propagation
21
(No Transcript)
22
Chromatic dispersion
23
TDM
24
WDM
25
TDM/WDM
26
Multi channel WDM system
27
Optical Attenuation in fibers
28
Usual repeater
29
Optical amplifier ( EDFA)
30
Raman Amplifier
31
Raman amplification
32
Optical channel impairments
33
Signal attenuation
34
Four wave Mixing
35
FWM
36
Raman Scattering
37
Dispersion parameters
38
Channel power ( OSA )
39
Channel measurements ( DWDM)
40
OSA Scan ( DWDM)
41
System Optimization
42
Trouble shooting
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
Optical Fiber
46
(No Transcript)
47
Light confinement
nSin?0n1Sin? SinFn2/n1 NA n1(2?)1/2
?TL ? n12/cn2
48
Field modes
49
(No Transcript)
50
Mode diameter
51
Microbending Curve loss
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
(No Transcript)
56
DSF
57
Dispersion parameter D
58
(No Transcript)