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Plant Anatomy

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Plant Anatomy Leaf Shape Ovate Elliptic Oblong Lanceolate Linear Orbicular Cordate Hastate Sagittate Peltate Perfoliate Terete Leaf Margins Entire Serrate Doubly ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Plant Anatomy


1
Plant Anatomy
2
Definitions
  • Anatomy
  • Study of form and basic organization.
  • Morphology
  • Study of tissue organization.
  • Physiology
  • Study of normal organism function.

3
Life Cycle
  • Juvenile
  • Adult
  • Reproductive

Vegetative
4
Plant Structure
  • Two main organ systems shoot and root
  • Shoot
  • Above ground
  • Leaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruits
  • Root
  • Below ground
  • roots, tubers, rhizomes

5
Plant Cells
  • Formed at meristems.
  • Mitosis in meristem produces new cells.
  • Two types of meristems.
  • Apical produces primary growth, ex. tip of root
    or shoot.
  • Lateral produces secondary growth, ex. cambium.

6
Apical Meristem
7
Lateral Meristem
8
Cells are grouped into tissues.
  • Dermal
  • Ground
  • Vascular

9
Cell Types
Epidermal
Ground
Vascular
Zea mays L. leaf cross section
10
Dermal Tissue
  • Covers outer surface of herbaceous plants.
  • Composed of epidermal cells that secrete the waxy
    cuticle.
  • Waxy cuticle protects against water loss.

11
Ground Tissue
  • Bulk of the primary plant body.
  • Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and
    sclerenchyma.

12
Parenchyma
13
Parenchyma
pineapple
14
Collenchyma
Celery
15
Schlerenchyma
used to make rope
16
Vascular Tissue
  • Transports food, water, hormone, and minerals.
  • Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and
    cambium.

17
Vascular tissue
18
Xylem
Dutchmens pipe
Dicot stem
19
Vegetative Structures
  • Roots
  • Stem
  • Leaf

20
Roots
  • Tap root
  • Fibrous root
  • Adventitious root
  • Tuberous root
  • Aerial root

21
Roots
Fiberous
Tuberous
Taproot
Taproots
22
Stem Anatomy
  • Bud undeveloped shoot.
  • Node Location of leaf or bud on stem.
  • Internode Space between nodes.
  • Pith Spongy tissue in the center of the stem.
  • Lenticel Pore in the outer layer of the stem.

23
Stem
24
Stem Modifications
  • Tuber underground stem with nodes
  • Rhizome underground stem with buds
  • Stolon aboveground stem with shoot buds
  • Bulb underground stem with fleshy leaves
  • Corm underground stem with papery leaves

25
Modified Stem
Tendril
Thorn
Onion set
Rhizome
26
Modified Stem II
Asparagus
Stolon
27
Growth Form
  • Herb
  • Shrub
  • Tree
  • Vine

28
Growth Cycle
  • Annual single season
  • Biennial two seasons
  • Perennial multiple seasons
  • Evergreen leaves persist gt 2 seasons
  • Deciduous leaves die in cold or dry

29
Leaf Parts
  • Petiole
  • Blade
  • Stipule
  • Axillary bud

30
Leaf Structure
Blade
Stipule
Petiole
Axillary Bud
31
Leaf Arrangement
  • Alternate
  • Opposite
  • Whorled

32
Leaf form
  • Simple
  • Compound
  • Pinnate
  • Palmate

33
Vein Arrangement
  • Pinnate
  • Palmate
  • Parallel
  • Dichotomous

Dichotomous
34
Leaf Shape
  • Ovate
  • Elliptic
  • Oblong
  • Lanceolate
  • Linear
  • Orbicular
  • Cordate
  • Hastate
  • Sagittate
  • Peltate
  • Perfoliate
  • Terete

35
Leaf Margins
  • Entire
  • Serrate
  • Doubly serrate
  • Dentate
  • Crenate
  • Undulate
  • Revolute
  • Crisped
  • Lobed

36
Misc. Vegetative Structures
  • Thorns
  • modified stems (Honey Locust)
  • Spines
  • modified leaves (Cactus)
  • Prickles
  • epidermal outgrowth (Rose)

37
Reproductive Structures
  • Flowers
  • Fruits

38
Floral Parts
  • Pedicel
  • Sepal
  • Petal
  • Perianth
  • Stamen
  • Carpel
  • Pistil

39
Flower
40
Floral Symmetry
  • Actinomorphic (regular)
  • Many axes of symmetry,
  • i.e.. the same wherever you cut it.
  • Zygomorphic
  • One axis of symmetry,
  • i.e.. can only cut one way.

41
Inflorescence Types
Spadix
Spikelet
Solitary
Spike
Whorl
Panicle
Raceme
Compound Umbel
Umbel
42
Fruit Types
  • Dry, indehiscent fruit
  • Dry, dehiscent fruit
  • Fleshy fruit
  • Other

43
Dry, indehiscent fruits
  • Achene (lettuce)
  • Samara (maple)
  • Caryposis (wheat)
  • Nut (almond)

44
Dry, Dehiscent Fruit
  • Legume (soybean)
  • Capsule (tobacco)
  • Silique (Arabidopsis)
  • Schizocarp (maple)

45
Fleshy Fruits
  • Drupe (peach, nectarine)
  • Berry (tomato)
  • Pepo (cucumber)
  • Hesperidium (citrus)
  • Hip (rose)
  • Pome (apple, pear)

46
Other Fruit Types
  • Aggregate
  • mature ovaries from separate pistils of one
    flower (ex. raspberry)
  • Multiple
  • mature ovaries from separate pistils of several
    flowers (ex. pineapple)
  • Accessory
  • fruit is something other than ovary tissue (ex.
    strawberry is a swollen receptacle, seeds are
    achenes)

47
Placentation
Axile
Marginal
Parietal
Basal
Free central
Apical
48
Ovary Position
Hypogynous (above calyx)
Perigynous (within the floral cup)
Epigynous (below calyx)
49
Monocots vs. Dicots
  • One cotyledon
  • Parallel leaf veins
  • Flower parts often in multiples of three
  • Vascular bundles scattered in stem
  • Two cotyledons
  • Netlike leaf veins
  • Flower parts often in multiples of 4 or 5
  • Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem

50
Other Anatomy Terms
Leaf section
Cell sketch
Roots
51
Other Terms
Grape Cane Section
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