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Photosynthesis

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Lancelet, Branchiostoma Outline Chordates Non-vertebrate Chordates Vertebrates Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Chordates Phylum Chordata Four Main ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Photosynthesis


1
(No Transcript)
2
Lancelet, Branchiostoma
3
Outline
  • Chordates
  • Non-vertebrate Chordates
  • Vertebrates
  • Fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals

4
Chordates
  • Phylum Chordata
  • Four Main Characteristics
  • Notochord
  • Nerve Cord
  • Pharyngeal Pouches
  • Tail

5
Invertebrate Chordates
  • Notochord persists and is never replaced by a
    vertebral column
  • Lancets (Subphylum Cephalochordata)
  • Sea Squirts (Subphylum Urochordata)

6
Sea squirt, Halocynthia
7
Vertebrates
  • Subphylum Vertebrata
  • Internal jointed skeleton of vertebrates is
    living tissue that grows with the animal
  • Main axis of skeleton consists of vertebral
    columns and a skull that encloses the brain
  • Cephalization is accompanied by sense organs
  • Evolution of jaws and predation
  • Amnion allows reproduction on land

8
Phylogenetic Tree of the Chordates
9
Vertebrate Features
  • Living endoskeleton with vertebral column
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Paired appendages
  • Efficient respiration and excretion
  • High degree of cephalization
  • Adapted to active lifestyles

10
Fishes
  • Fishes
  • Aquatic, gill-breathing vertebrates
  • Usually have fins and scale-covered skin
  • Jawless fishes (Superclass Agnatha)
  • Ostracoderms - earliest vertebrate fossils
  • Lampreys and hagfishes are modern-day jawless
    fishes that lack a bony skeleton

11
Lamprey, Petromyzon
12
Fishes With Jaws
  • Gnathostomates have jaws
  • Jaws thought to have evolved from first pair of
    gill arches of agnathans
  • Placoderms
  • Extinct jawed fishes of Devonian
  • Thought to be ancestral to sharks and bony fish

13
Cartilaginous Fishes
  • Class Chondrichthyes have a skeleton of cartilage
    instead of bone
  • Cartilaginous Fishes
  • Sharks, rays, skates
  • Lack gill cover of bony fish
  • Utilize lateral line system
  • Filter feeders and predators
  • Pectoral fins can be enlarged into large,
    wing-like fins

14
Cartilaginous fishes
15
Bony Fishes
  • Class Osteichthyes have a skeleton of bone
  • Most are ray-finned fishes
  • Lobe-finned fishes are small subgroup with fleshy
    fins supported by central bones
  • Swim bladder
  • Gas-filled sac in bony fishes
  • Volume can be altered to change buoyancy

16
Ray-finned Fishes
17
Amphibians
  • Tetrapods (four limbs)
  • Hypotheses of tetrapod evolution
  • Lobe-finned fishes had an evolutionary advantage
    due to movement capability
  • further adaptations promoted by
  • Supply of food on land, and
  • Absence of predators

18
Lobe-finned Fish vs. Amphibian
19
Diversity of Amphibians
  • Amphibians today occur in three groups
  • Salamanders and newts
  • Salamanders practice internal fertilization
  • Frogs and toads
  • Tailless
  • Caecilians
  • Legless, sightless, worm-shaped
  • Most return to water for reproduction

20
Amphibians
21
Amphibian Features
  • Usually tetrapods
  • Lungs usually present in adults
  • Metamorphosis
  • Smooth and moist skin
  • Three-chambered heart
  • Ectothermic

22
Metamorphosis
23
Vertebrate Circulatory Pathways
24
Reptiles
  • Class Reptilia
  • Thought to have evolved from amphibian ancestors
    by the Permian period
  • Practice internal fertilization
  • Lay eggs protected by a leathery shell (amniotic
    egg)

25
Phylogenetic Tree of Reptiles
26
Anatomy and Physiology of Reptiles
  • Reptiles have a thick, scaly skin that is
    keratinized and impermeable to water
  • Usually tetrapods
  • Lungs with expandable rib cage
  • Shelled amniotic egg
  • Dry, scaly skin
  • Ectothermic

27
Reptilian Diversity
28
Reptilian Anatomy
29
Birds
  • Characteristics of Class Aves
  • Feathers
  • Hard-shelled amniotic egg
  • Four-chambered heart
  • Often winged
  • Air sacs
  • Endothermic

30
Bird Anatomy and Flight
31
Bird Beaks
32
Mammals
  • Class Mammalia
  • Thought to have evolved during the Mesozoic Era
    from therapsids
  • Mammalian skull accommodates a larger brain
    relative to body size
  • Chief characteristics and hair and milk-producing
    mammary glands
  • Infant dependency
  • Internal development
  • Differentiated teeth

33
Monotremes and Marsupials
34
Mammals
  • Monotremes - Hard-shelled amniotic eggs
  • Marsupials - Females contain pouch
  • Placentals - Females have organ for exchange of
    maternal and placental blood

35
Placental Mammals
36
Major Orders of Mammals
  • Perissodactyla
  • Horses
  • Artiodactyla
  • Deer
  • Carnivora
  • Cats
  • Primates
  • Monkeys
  • Cetacea
  • Whales
  • Chiroptera
  • Bats
  • Rodentia
  • Mice
  • Proboscidea
  • Elephants
  • Lagomorpha
  • Rabbits

37
Review
  • Chordates
  • Non-vertebrate Chordates
  • Vertebrates
  • Fishes
  • Amphibians
  • Retiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals

38
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