Plant Growth & Development

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Plant Growth Development

• By Johnny M. Jessup
• Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

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Introduction

• There are 6 plant processes that effect growth
  which are.
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
• Reproduction

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Photosynthesis

• Process by which green plants manufacture food.
• The beginning of the food chain for all living
  things on earth.

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Photosynthesis

• Carbon dioxide and water are combined in the
  presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.
• The Formula is.
• 6CO2 6H2O 672Kcal C6H12O6 6O2
• Carbon Dioxide Water Light
  Glucose Sugar Oxygen

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Respiration

• The process through which plant leaves, stems,
  and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon
  dioxide.
• Plants produce much more oxygen through
  photosynthesis then they use through respiration.

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Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
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Absorption

• The process by which plant roots take in water,
  air, nutrients and conduct them to the stem.

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Transpiration

• The process by which plants roots lose water from
  leaves and stems through evaporation.

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Translocation

• The process by which food and nutrients are moved
  within a plant from one plant part to another.
• Water and minerals move from the roots up to the
  leaves and food moves from the leaves down to the
  roots.

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Translocation
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Reproduction

• The plant process that increases plant numbers
  usually from seeds.

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Plant Processes

• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
• Reproduction

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Plant Cell Growth
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Plant Cells

• Are the basic unit of life.
• Nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained with a
  plasma membrane.

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Nucleus

• Location of the plants genetic and hereditary
  make-up.

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Protoplasm

• The living matter of the cell.
• The gel matrix inside the cell.

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Plasma Membrane

• Surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of
  nutrients and gases into and out of the cell.

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Cell Wall

• The rigid structure that provides support for the
  cell and thus the whole plant.

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Other Cell Structures

• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Plastids
• Mitochondrion

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The Plant Cell
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Plant Tissue

• A group of cells with similar origin and
  function.
• Classified according to their.
• Origin
• Structure
• Physiology

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Origin Function

• Meristematic
• Near the tip of stems and roots where cell
  division and enlargement occur.
• Vascular Cambium
• Increase growth in diameter of stems.

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Structure

• Simple
• Usually one type of cell.
• Complex
• Several types of cells.

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Simple Tissues

• Epidermal
• One-cell thick, outer layer, protects, prevents
  water loss.
• Sclerenchyma
• Have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to
  give strength and support to plant structures.

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Complex Tissues

• Collenchyma
• Have thick cell walls that strengthen and support
  plant structures.
• Parenchyma
• Fleshy part of plant that stores water and
  nutrients.

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The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Vegetative
• Growth and development of buds, roots, leaves,
  and stems.

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The Asexual Cycle - Vegetative

• Cell elongation
• Stage when cells enlarge.
• Cell differentiation
• Stage when cells specialize.

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The Asexual Cycle - Reproductive

• Reproductive or flowering
• Plant develops flower buds that will develop
  into.
• Flowers
• Fruits
• Seeds

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Stages of Plant Growth

• Juvenile
• When the plant first starts to grow from a seed.
• Reproductive
• When plant produces flowers, seeds, and fruits.
• Dormant
• When plant rests or grows very little if any.

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Growth Hormones

• Plants produce chemical substances called
  hormones that inhibit or promote growth.
• Common plant hormones are.
• Inhibitors
• Cytokinins
• Gibberellins
• Auxins

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Inhibitors

• Hasten fruit ripening, inhibit or restrain seed
  germination and stem elongation.

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Cytokinins

• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell
  division.

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Gibberellins

• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation,
  premature flowering, and breaking of dormancy.

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Auxins

• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating
  cell enlargement.

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Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature,
Nutrients on Plants
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Light

• Necessary because of
  photosynthesis.
• Photoperiodism
• The response of plants to different amounts of
  light regarding their flowering and reproduction
  cycles.

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Light

• Insufficient light causes long, slender, spindly
  stems.
• Excessive light causes plants to dry out faster.

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Moisture

• Needed in large amounts
  because plants tissues are
  mostly water and.
• Water carries the nutrients.
• Turgid
• When a plant is swollen or filled with moisture.
• Wilted
• When a plant is limp because it does not have
  enough moisture.

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Moisture

• Too much water causes small root systems and
  drowning.
• Which is the result of air spaces in soil being
  filled with water.
• Too little water causes wilting and stunted
  growth.

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Temperature

• Needs vary depending on types of plants.
• Either too high or too low will have adverse
  effects.

vs.
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Nutrients

• Essential for optimum plant conditions.
• Have little effect on seed germination.

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Combined Effect of Light, Moisture, Temperature,
Nutrients

• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum
  plant growth.
• Each has an effect on the other factors.
• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant
  growth causes diseases to be more severe in their
  damages to plants.

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Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School