MID-TERM REVIEW

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MID-TERM REVIEW
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List the characteristics of life Organization,
cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis,
metabolism, growth and development,
reproduction, and change through time.
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Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism
and between growth, development, and
reproductionHomeostasis - maintain stable
internal conditions, such as temperature
Metabolism convert nutrients into energy the
body can use to sustain life. Growth and
development is how an organism matures into
adulthood reproduction is how organisms produce
new organisms it is essential to the existence of
organisms.
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Outline the main steps in the scientific
methodMaking observations, asking questions,
forming hypotheses, designing and conducting
experiments, analyzing data, drawing conclusions,
and communicating results.
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Compare a scientific hypothesis to a scientific
theoryA hypothesis is an educated answer to the
problem in a scientific experiment, a set of
related hypothesis are true it becomes a theory.
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• State how communication in science helps prevent
  dishonesty and bias
• When people publish the results of their
  experiments it allows others to test the same
  findings and see if they are true.

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• List the function of each of the parts of a
  compound light microscope
• Ocular Lens magnifies the object normally 10
  times
• Objective Lens Enlarges the object to allow
  scientists to see stain and other parts of the
  specimen.
• Stage Platform that supports the slide.
• Light Source provides light to the specimen
  that is being observed.

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• Explain the relationship between elements and
  atoms
• Elements are substances that cannot be broken
  down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
  Atoms are the simplest particle of an element
  that retains all the properties of that element.

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• Explain the relationship between enzymes and
  activation energy
• Activatoin energy is the amount of energy that is
  needed to start a reaction Enzyme is a protein
  or RNA molecule that speeds up reactions.

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• Describe the structure of a water molecule
• A water molecule is composed of one oxygen and
  two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom is more
  negative than the two hydrogen atoms. Therefore,
  the water molecule has a region of partial
  negative charge and a region of partial positive
  charge.

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• Explain how waters polar nature affects its
  ability to dissolve substances.
• In water molecule, the oxygen atom has a greater
  ability than the hydrogen atoms do to attract the
  electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen.
  The charge within the molecule is unevenly
  distributed.

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• Identify the role of solutes and solvents in
  solutions.
• A solute is the substance that is being
  dissolved the solvent is the substance that is
  dissolving the substance.

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• Identify the role of solutes and solvents in
  solutions.
• A solute is the substance that is being
  dissolved the solvent is the substance that is
  dissolving the substance.

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• Differentiate between acids and bases.
• Acid solution in which the number of hydronium
  ions is greater that the number of hydroxide
  ions.
• Base solution in which the number of hydroxide
  ions is greater than the hydronium ions.

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• Distinguish between organic and inorganic
  compounds.
• Organic compounds are made primarily of carbon
  atoms Inorganic compounds with a few exceptions
  do not contain any carbon atoms.

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• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in
  biological molecules.
• Carbon can form four covalent bonds with any
  number of atoms, including other carbon atoms.
  This allows it to form molecules of different
  composition and shape.

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• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies
  energy to drive chemical reactions.
• The removal of a phosphate from ATP releases a
  great deal of energy to drive other chemical
  reactions.

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• Distinguish between monosaccharide, disaccharides
  and polysaccharides.
• Monosaccharide simple sugar that contains
  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 121 ratio.
• Disaccharides two monosaccharide or a double
  sugar.
• Polysaccharide three or more monosaccharide.

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• Explain the relationship between amino acids and
  proteins structure.
• There are 20 different amino acids, these combine
  through peptide bonds which form polypeptide
  chains. Protiens are formed by these chains of
  amino acids

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• Compare the structure and function of each of the
  different types of lipids.
• Triglycerides three fatty acids joined to one
  glycerol.
• Phospholipids two fatty-acid chains joined by
  one glycerol with a phosphate.
• Wax fatty acid chain, alcohol chain
• Steroids 4 fused carbon rings

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• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
• DNA has information for cell activities and RNA
  stores and transfers information for protein
  synthesis and are also enzymes.

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• State the three principles of the cell theory
• All living organisms are composed of one or more
  cells, cells are the basic units of structure and
  function in an organism, and cells come only from
  the reproduction of existing cells.

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• Explain why the cell is considered to be the
  basic unit of life.
• Because the cell is the smallest unit that can
  carry on all of the processes of life.

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• Describe the three basic parts of the cell
  eukaryotic.
• The three basic parts of the eukaryotic cell are
  the
• Cell membrane the cells outer boundary.
• Cytoplasm includes the liquid interior,
  cytoskeleton, and organelles of the cell.
• Nucleus the area where the cells genetic
  material is found.

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• Analyze the relationship among cells, tissue,
  organs, organ systems, and living organisms.
• A group of similar cells working together is a
  tissue tissues working together make up an
  organ organs working together make up an organ
  system.

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• Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells, unlike eukaryotic cells do not
  contain membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.

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• Describe the structure and function of a cells
  plasma membrane.
• Plasma Membrane functions
• Allows certain molecules to enter or leave the
  cell, seperates internal metabolic reactions from
  the external environment, allows the cell to
  excrete wastes and to interact within its
  environment.
• Plasma Membrane structure
• The structure is thought of like a mosaic
  because the proteins and lipids embedded in the
  membrane can move laterally throughout the
  membrane.

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• Summarize the role of the nucleus.
• The nucleus houses and protects the cells
  genetic information.

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• Identify the characteristics of mitochondria.
• Tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic
  molecules to ATP.

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• Describe the structure and function of the
  cytoskeleton.
• Cytoskeleton is a network of thin tubes and
  filaments that crisscross the cytosol.
• Microtubules maintenance of cell shape,
  chromosome movement, and organelle movement
• Microfilaments maintenance and changing of cell
  shape, muscle contraction, movement of cytoplasm,
  cell division
• Intermediate filaments maintenance of cell
  shape, anchor nucleus and other organelles,
  maintenance of shape of nucleus.

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• List the three structures that are found in
  plant cells but not in animal cells.
• Animal cells, unlike plant cells, do not have
  cell walls, plastids, or central vacuoles.

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• Explain how equilibrium is established as a
  result of diffusion.
• Diffusion usually leads to equilibrium, which
  occurs when the concentration of molecules is the
  same throughout a space.

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• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis.
• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an
  area of higher concentration to an area of lower
  concentration.

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• Explain how substances cross the cell membrane
  through facilitated diffusion.
• A molecule binds to a carrier protein on one side
  of the cell membrane. The carrier protein then
  changes its shape and transports the molecule
  down its concentration gradient to the other side
  of the membrane.

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• Distinguish between passive transport and active
  transport.
• Passive transport moves substances down a
  concentration gradient with no energy use by the
  cell.
• Active transport requires energy use by the cell
  to move substances against the concentration
  gradient

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• Compare endocytosis and exocytosis.
• Endocytosis uses vesicles to bring external
  substances into the cell.
• Exocytosis uses vesicles to release substances
  from the cell.

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• Explain why almost all organisms depend on
  photosynthesis.
• Most autotrophs use the process of photosynthesis
  to convert the suns energy into chemical energy.
• Heterotrophs eat photosynthetic organisms to
  obtain their energy, or eat other heterotrophs
  that have in turn eaten autotrophs.

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• Describe the role of chlorophylls and other
  pigments in photosynthesis.
• Chlorophylls are pigments that absorb light
  energy during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll b
  assists chlorophyll a in capturing light energy.
  Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll a travel
  along two electron transport chains. The energy
  of these excited electrons is then used to form
  ATP and NADPH

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• Summarize the main events of the light reactions.

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• Explain how environmental factors influence
  photosynthesis.
• Temperature changes the rate at which
  photosynthesis occurs, Carbon Dioxide CO2
  concentration stimulate photosynthesis until the
  rate levels off, and Light Intensity excites
  more electrons so light reactions occur more
  rapidly until the electrons reach their maximum
  rate of photosynthesis.

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• Identify the two major steps in cellular
  respiration.
• Glycolysis Organic compounds are converted to
  pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP.
• Aerobic Respiration pyruvic acid is broken down
  and a large amount of ATP is made.

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• Compare lactic acid fermentation with alcohol
  fermentation.
• Lactic acid fermentation produces Lactic acid.
• Alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and
  CO2

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• Contrast the role of glycolysis and aerobic
  respiration in cellular respiration.
• Glycolysis Organic compounds are converted to
  pyruvic acid, producing a small amount of ATP.
• Aerobic Respiration pyruvic acid is broken down
  and a large amount of ATP is made.

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• Describe the structure of a chromosome.
• The structure of the eukaryotic chromosome begins
  with DNA, which is wrapped around histones and
  other proteins. Then these coils are further
  wrapped tighter and tighter until a rod-shaped
  chromosome is formed.

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• Identify the difference in structure between
  prokaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic
  chromosomes
• In rod-shaped eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA is
  wrapped around special proteins called histones
  and other proteins. Prokaryotic chromosomes are
  circular.

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• Explain the difference between sex chromosomes
  and autosomes
• Sex chromosomes contain genes that determine
  gender all other chromosomes are called autosomes.

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• Distinguish between diploid and haploid cells.
• Cells having two sets of chromosomes are diploid.
• Cells having one set of chromosomes are haploid.

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• Describe the events of cell division in
  prokaryotes.
• Binary fission is the division of a cell into two
  offspring cells, resulting in two identical
  daughter cells.
• Prokaryotic cell exists, DNA is copied, the cell
  begins to divide, the cell completely divides.

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• Name the two parts of the cell that are equally
  divided in eukaryotes.
• Both the cytoplasm and the nucleus divide.

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• Summarize the events of interphase.
• G1 offspring cells grow to mature size
• G2 the cell prepares for cell division
• G0 a nondividing resting period

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• Describe the stages of mitosis.
• Prophase Nuclear membrane disappears,
  chromosomes become visible, and spindle fibers
  form
• Metaphase Chromosomes align at cell midline
• Anaphase The chromatids of each chromosome
  separate and move to the cells poles
• Telophase Nuclear membranes re-form, chromosomes
  start to uncoil, and spindle fibers disappear.

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• Explain crossing-over and how it contributes to
  the production of unique individuals.
• Crossing over permits the exchange of genetic
  material between maternal and paternal
  chromosomes, producing a new combination of
  genes. This creates genetic recombination
  because a new mixture of genetic material is
  created.

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• Define sexual reproduction.
• Sexual reproduction is the formation of offspring
  through the union of sperm and egg. Off spring
  produced by sexual reproduction are genetically
  different from the parents.

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• Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the
  structure of DNA.
• Hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  helps to hold the strands together. In addition,
  a double-ringed purine on one strand bonds with a
  single ringed pyrimidine on the opposite strand,
  so the chains are always the same distance apart.

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• Describe how complementary base pairing guides
  DNA replication.
• Complementary base pairing allows for two exact
  copies of DNA to be made from one original strand.

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• Outline the flow of genetic information in cells
  from DNA to proteins.
• DNA ? RNA ? proteins

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• Compare the structure of RNA to DNA.
• RNA nucleotides contain ribose (the DNA sugar is
  deoxyribose), the base uracil instead of thymine,
  an dRNA is single stranded.

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• Describe the internal and external structure of
  prokaryotic cells.
• Capsule protects the cell and helps the cell
  attach to other cells and surfaces
• Cell wall Protects the cell and gives the cell
  its shape
• Cell membrane regulates the types of molecules
  that move into and out of the cell

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Continued

• Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, an dorganic
  compounds that are needed for life
• Chromosome Carries genetic information from one
  generation to the next
• Plasmid Carries genes that are transferred
  through genetic recombination

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Continued

• Endospore contains DNA is a thick coated,
  resistant structure
• Pilus Helps the cell attach to surfaces and
  other cells during conjugation
• Flagellum Propels the cell by rotating in a
  whiplike motion
• Outer membrane Protects the cell against some
  antibiotics.

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• Summarize why viruses are not living organism.
• Viruses lack key characteristics of living
  organisms, such as cytoplasm, organelles,
  metabolism, and homeostasis.

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• Describe the basic structure of viruses.
• Three basic structures are helix an example is
  the tobacco mosaic virus, icosahendron 20
  triangular faces and 12 corners, or sphere which
  is round.

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• Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles of virus
  replication.
• The Lytic cycle does not involve the integration
  of the viral genome into the host genome but it
  does result in the production of new viral
  particles and the hosts destruction.
• The lysogenic cycle the viral genome integrates
  with the host genome and may stay there for a
  long period of time without making new virus
  particles or lysing the cell.

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