Title: GxP and cGxP in Bio/Pharmaceutical Industry
1GxP and cGxP in Bio/Pharmaceutical Industry
- Prof. Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- KLE University College of Pharmacy
- BELGAUM 590010, Karnataka, India
- E-mail bknanjwade_at_yahoo.co.in
- Cell No 00919742431000
2GxP
- The bio/pharmaceutical industry has created its
own language and GxP is one of many acronyms that
we all tend to use. - While this may seem elementary to some of you,
many people may not know what this means. - G Goodx (variable replaced with Manufacturing,
Clinical, - Laboratory, Storage, Distribution and
Review) P Practice
3GxP
- As you can see, GxP is used as short-hand form
for referring to the regulations established by
the United States Food and Drug Administration
which are published in the Code of Federal
Regulations. - Sometimes people refer to the GCPs which
specifically regards the rules that govern
clinical trials vs. product manufacturing (GMPs)
or laboratory regulations (GLPs). - Together, these are known collectively as the
predicate rules that govern a wide spectrum of
regulatory obligations across this diverse
industry.
4GxP
- GxP is also where citations emanate from
(typically) as regards FDA inspections. - When a regulation is cited, the title tells you
where it is published. -
- For example 21 CFR 312.2
- Means21 Title 21CFR Code of Federal
Regulations312.2 (312 part and 2 section)
5Lifecycle Requirements
6GxP
- GxP is a collective term for the Good Practice
quality guidelines and regulations used in many
fields, encompassing such internationally-recogniz
ed standards as GMP, GCP, GLP, GSP, GDP and GRP. - GxP guidelines are designed to ensure that
products are safe, meet their intended use and,
in regulated industries such as drugs, food,
medical devices and cosmetics, adhere to quality
processes during manufacturing, control, storage
and distribution.
7GxP
- GxP is a general term for Good Practice quality
guidelines and regulations. These guidelines are
used in many fields, including the pharmaceutical
and food industries. - The titles of these good practice guidelines
usually begin with "Good" and end in "Practice",
with the specific practice descriptor in between. - GxP represents the abbreviations of these
titles, where x (a common symbol for a variable)
represents the specific descriptor.
8Core GXP Information
9 Regional Harmonization Initiatives
10GxP
11List of GxPs in Pharmaceuticals
- GMP (Good manufacturing Practice)
- GCP (Good Clinical Practice)
- GLP (Good Laboratory Practice)
- GSP (Good Storage Practice)
- GDP (Good Distribution practice)
- GRP (Good Review Practice)
12Purpose of GxP
- The purpose of the GxP quality guidelines is to
ensure a product is safe and meets its intended
use. - GxP guides quality manufacture in regulated
industries including food, drugs, medical devices
and cosmetics. - The most central aspects of GxP are
- Traceability the ability to reconstruct the
development history of a drug or medical device. - 2. Accountability the ability to resolve who has
contributed what to the development and when.
13Regulators
14GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice)
15What is GMP ?
- GMP is that part of Quality assurance which
ensures that the products are consistently
manufactured and controlled to the Quality
standards appropriate to their intended use - A set of principles and procedures which, when
followed by manufacturers for therapeutic goods,
helps ensure that the products manufacture will
have the required quality.
16Good Manufacturing Practices
- A basic tenet of GMP is that quality cannot be
tested into a batch of product but must be built
into each batch of product during all stages of
the manufacturing process. - It is designed to minimize the risks involved in
any pharmaceutical production that cannot be
eliminated through testing the final product. - Some of the main risks are unexpected
contamination of products, causing damage to
health or even death - In correct labels on containers, which could mean
that patient receive the wrong medicine. - Insufficient or too much active ingredient,
resulting in ineffective treatment or adverse
effects.
17GMP
QA
GMP
QC
18GMP
- GMP is the magic key that opens the door of the
Quality - In matter of GMP, swim with the current and
- in matter of Quality stand like a rock!
19GMP
GMP
Is that part of Quality Assurance aimed at
ensuring that products are consistently
manufactured to a quality appropriate to their
intended use
20GMP guidelines
- GMP as per Schedule M
- GMP as per WHO
- GMP as per MCA now known as MHRA
- GMP as per TGA
- GMP as per US FDA
- GMP as per ICH guidelines
21GMP guidance documents
- EU Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Guidelines,
Volume 4 of The rules governing medicinal
products in the European Union - US FDA current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP)
for finished pharmaceuticals, 21 CFR, 210 and 211 - WHO Good Manufacturing Practices for
pharmaceutical products, Annex 4 to WHO Technical
Report Series, No. 908, 2003
22GMP
- GMP in solid dosage forms
- GMP in semisolid dosage forms
- GMP in Liquid orals
- GMP in Parenterals Production
- GMP in Ayurvedic medicines
- GMP in Bio technological products
- GMP in Nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals
23API Manufacturing Process
24 Secondary Manufacturing Dosage Forms
25 Secondary Manufacturing Process - Tablets
26 Secondary Manufacturing Process Sterile
parenteral for injection
27Packaging
28Packaging
29Packaging
30Biotechnology Manufacturing Process
31Ten Principles of GMP
- Design and construct the facilities and
equipments properly - Follow written procedures and Instructions
- Document work
- Validate work
- Monitor facilities and equipment
- Write step by step operating procedures and work
on instructions - Design ,develop and demonstrate job competence
- Protect against contamination
- Control components and product related processes
- Conduct planned and periodic audits
32Beyond GMP
- Reduce pollution -? Zero discharge
- Adaptation of environment friendly methods
- Consideration for better and healthier life
tomorrow - Consideration of ethics in life
- One should begin with end in mind otherwise it
will be the beginning of the end
33Cost of effective GMP
- In fact Cost benefits positive cost benefits of
GMP/QA - Good plant lay out, Smooth work flows, Efficient
documentation systems, well controlled process,
good stores lay outs and stores records- These
are Good manufacturing practices - Reduction in work in process and inventory
holding costs - Avoidance of cost of Quality failure ( cost of
waste, of rework, of recall, of consumer
compensation and of loss of company reputation
34Cost / Benefit analysis
- GMP is not an On-cost.
- It is not even Just free
- It is a contribution to profit
- Good manufacturing Practice is also Good
management Practice leading to Good Manufacturing
Profit - GMP is central and basic and has cost benefits (
not to be considered as extrinsic or imposed upon
manufacturing activities)
35Cost / benefit analysis
- Cost of quality Cost of A Cost of B- Payback
from C Profit - A B
C - Staff Scrap
Improved morale - Training Rework
Motivation - Systems Complaints
Faster throughput - Documentation Chaos
Higher productivity - Equipment Lost sales
Increased sales - Maintenance Recalls
lower inventory - Calibration Closedown
- Sampling
- Testing
- In process control
- Validation
- Auditing
36GCP (Good Clinical Practice)
37What It Is GCP
- An international ethical scientific quality
standard for designing, conducting, recording
reporting human clinical studies - EU
- Japan
- US
- Applies to registration studies that may have an
impact on safety welfare of human subjects
38GCP Participating Parties
- IRB/Ethics Committee
- Investigators
- Sponsor
- Regulatory Authorities
39GCP Key Documents
- Investigator Brochure
- Study Protocol
- Informed Consent Document
40GCP Principles
- Studies in accordance with Declaration of
Helsinki consistent with GCP applicable
regulatory requirements - Studies initiated continued only if anticipated
benefits outweigh risks - Rights, safety welfare of human subjects take
priority over interests of science society - Available non-clinical clinical info on product
adequate to support study
41GCP Principles
- Studies scientifically sound described in clear,
detailed protocol - Study in compliance with IRB/EC approved protocol
- Medical care given to subjects is the
responsibility of qualified medical
professional(s) - Individuals conducting studies qualified by
education, training experience - Freely given informed consent obtained from every
subject prior to study participation
42GCP Principles
- Study information recorded, handled stored to
allow accurate reporting, interpretation
verification - Confidentiality of subject records protected in
accordance with applicable regulatory
requirements - Investigational products manufactured, handled
stored in accordance with GCP used in
accordance with approved protocol - Systems/procedures implemented to assure quality
of study
43IRB/EC Roles Responsibilities
- To safeguard study subjects rights welfare by
- Evaluation/disposition of study proposal
- Evaluation of proposed subject consent materials
- Evaluation of emergency use consent methodology
- Evaluation of investigator qualifications
- Ongoing review of study progress (at least
yearly) - Evaluation of proposed subject compensation plans
44 IRB/EC Composition Operations
- Membership has qualifications experience to
evaluate science, medical aspects ethics of
proposed study - 5 members
- 1 member whose primary interest in
nonscientific - 1 member independent of institution or study
site - Written SOPs records
- Decisions rendered at announced meetings with
quorum in attendance
45 IRB/EC Composition Operations
- Only members participating in review should vote
- Investigator may provide info on study, but
should not be involved in review or vote - Nonmembers with expertise in special areas may be
invited to assist with review (but cannot vote)
46IRB/EC Procedures
- Document group membership qualifications
- Schedule meetings notify members
- Conduct initial ongoing review of studies
- Determine ongoing review frequency
- Provide expedited review of minor study changes,
in accordance with regulatory requirements - Specify that no subject should be enrolled in
study prior to IRB/EC approval
47IRB/EC Procedures
- Specify that no deviations from protocol should
be initiated without prior IRB/EC approval - Emergency situations require immediate
notification of IRB/EC after the fact - Specify that Investigator should promptly report
- Protocol deviations
- Changes increasing subject risk or study
procedures - Serious and unexpected adverse events
48IRB/EC Procedures
- Notify Investigator promptly of
- Study-related decisions
- Reason for decisions
- Procedures for appeal of decisions
49IRB/EC Required Records
- Relevant records maintained 3 yr after study
completion - Records available for review by regulatory
authorities
50IRB/EC What is Reviewed
- Investigator Brochure or Report of Prior
Investigations - Study protocol amendments
- Investigator qualifications
- Informed consent documents, including subject
recruiting tools - Other written information provided to subjects
- Subject compensation plans
- Adverse events
- Protocol deviations
51IRB/EC When Reviews Occur
- Prior to study initiation at site
- At least yearly during study
- During study, as necessitated by
- Changes in protocol, consent documents, etc.
- Changes in study investigator
- Reports of serious or unanticipated
device-related adverse events - At study completion or termination
52 Investigator Roles Responsibilities
- Qualified to conduct study
- Have adequate resources to conduct study
- Provide medical care to study subjects
- Regular communication with IRB/EC reviewing study
- Compliance with study protocol
- Maintenance of investigational product
accountability - Compliance with study randomization unmasking
procedures - Provide informed consent to study subjects
53Investigator ResponsibilitiesAppropriate
Qualifications
- Training experience demonstrated via
- Medical license
- CV
- Specialized study training
- GCP training
- If study responsibilities delegated, need a list
of qualified persons to whom responsibilities are
delegated
54Investigator ResponsibilitiesAdequate Resources
- Suitable staff good methods for keeping them
apprised - Suitable facilities
- Appropriate patient population
- Access to disease or condition
- Volume of patients with disease or condition
55Investigator ResponsibilitiesRequired Records
Reports
- Essential regulatory document file(s)
- Protocol amendments
- Approved informed consent documents
- Product accountability documentation
- Investigator qualifications agreements
- IRB correspondence
- Study delegation list
- Subject screening/enrollment logs
- Study monitoring reports
- Calibration/maintenance logs
- Memos to file
56SponsorRoles Responsibilities
- Study quality assurance
- Appropriately qualified medical personnel to
advise on study - Utilization of qualified personnel in study
design operations - Study management, data handling record keeping
- Investigator selection training
- Definition/allocation of study responsibilities
57SponsorRoles Responsibilities
- Facilitation of communications between
Investigators - Study compensation (investigators and/or
subjects) financing - Regulatory authority notification/submission
- Confirmation of IRB/EC review/approval
- Investigational product information
- Investigational product manufacturing, packaging,
labeling coding - Investigational product supply handling
58SponsorRoles Responsibilities
- Record access
- Ongoing safety evaluation reporting
- Serious/unanticipated adverse event reporting
- Study monitoring
- Study noncompliance procedures
- Study termination or suspension notification
- Study reports
59SponsorRoles Responsibilities
- Sponsor may transfer responsibilities to CRO
- Transfer must be documented in writing
- Sponsor still has ultimate responsibility for
study quality and data integrity
60Study Protocol Components
- General administrative info
- Background
- Study purpose objectives
- Study design
- Subject eligibility requirements
- How subjects will be treated
- How safety efficacy will be assessed
- Sample size justification statistical analysis
methods
61Study Protocol Components
- How data will be captured maintained
- Monitoring procedures
- Proposed informed consent document
62Informed Consent DocumentComponents
- Statement that study involves research
product experimental (if applicable) - Study purpose
- Number of expected study subjects to be enrolled
- Study treatment(s) probability for random
assignment - Study exams procedures for duration of trial
- Subjects responsibilities
- Foreseeable risks to subject (embryo, fetus,
nursing infant)
63Informed Consent DocumentComponents
- Expected benefits
- Alternatives procedures or therapies associated
risk/benefit - Compensation available in event of study-related
injury or sickness - Anticipated payments to subject for study
participation - Anticipated expenses to subject for study
participation - Statement that participation is voluntary
64Informed Consent DocumentComponents
- Description of extent to which confidentiality
can be assured - Commitment to keep subject apprised on new
information that may affect subjects willingness
to participate in study - Contact info for questions re subject rights
trial-related adverse events - Circumstances under which subjects participation
may be terminated
65Investigator BrochureWhat It Is
- A compilation of clinical non-clinical data on
the product that is relevant to the products
study in humans - Necessary for Investigator IRB/EC review to
assess the risks/benefits associated with study
66Investigator BrochureComponents
- Product formulation summary
- Introduction/background info regarding product
investigational plan - Investigational product physical, chemical
pharmaceutical properties formulation - Non-clinical studies
- Human clinical studies
- Summary of data guidance for Investigator
67Good Clinical PracticeReference Documents Links
- ICH - E6 Guideline for Good Clinical Practice
- 21 CFR 50 - Informed Consent
- 21 CFR 56 - Institutional Review Board
- http//www.ich.org/cache/compo/276-254-1.html
- http//www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/
cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm
68GLP (Good Laboratory Practice)
69What It Is GLP
- Describes good practices for non-clinical lab
studies that support research or marketing
approvals for FDA-regulated products
70GLP General Requirements
- Appropriately qualified personnel
- Adequate resources
- Appropriate procedures for
- Sanitation, health precautions, clothing
- Test protocol development, test methods
- Data analysis, report development
- Appropriately qualified study director
- Quality assurance function
71GLP Facilities Requirements
- Suitable size, construction, segregation
- Animal care
- Animal supplies
- Test control products maintained in a secure
area - Operating suite
- Specimen data storage
72GLP Equipment Requirements
- Appropriately designed
- Adequate thru-put capacity
- Appropriately located
- Routinely maintained calibrated
73 GLP Standard Operating Procedures
- Animal room prep
- Animal care
- Receipt, ID, storage, handling, mixing sampling
of test control articles - Test system observations
- Lab tests
- Handling of moribund or dead animals
- Necropsy or postmortem exams of animals
74 GLP Standard Operating Procedures
- Collection ID of specimens
- Histopathology
- Data handling, storage retrieval
- Equipment maintenance calibration
- Transfer, proper placement ID of animals
75 GLP Reagents Solutions
- Adequate labeling
- Identity
- Concentration
- Storage requirements
- Expiration date
76 GLP Test Control Articles
- Adequate characterization
- Proper receipt, storage, distribution
- When mixed with a carrier, adequate methods to
confirm - Mixture uniformity
- Article concentration
- Article stability
77 GLP Study Implementation
- Written, approved protocol indicating test
objectives methods - Study conducted in accordance with protocol
- Study monitoring to confirm protocol compliance
- Appropriate labeling of specimens by test system,
study, nature collection date - Records of gross findings from postmortems
available to pathologist for specimen
histopathology
78 GLP Study Implementation
- Standard data capture/recording requirements
- Legibility
- Permanence
- Accountability
- Changes
79 GLP Records Reports
- Final report of results
- Study records data methodically archived to
facilitate expedient retrieval - Study documents
- Raw data
- Specimens
- Protocols
- QA inspections
- Personnel training qualifications
- Calibration maintenance records
80 GLP Records Reports
- Records retention (shortest of)
- 2 yr after FDA marketing clearance
- 5 yr after data submitted to FDA in support of
marketing application - 2 yr after Sponsor decision not to proceed with
marketing application - Wet specimens hold as long as viable
- Records transferable with written FDA
notification
81 GLP Facility Disqualification
- Grounds for disqualification
- Failure to comply with regulations
- Noncompliance adversely affects study validity
- Previous regulatory actions have been
unsuccessful in modifying facility operations
82GSP (Good Storage Practice)
83GSP (Good Storage Practice)
- Glossary
- Personnel
- Premises and facilities
- Storage requirements
- Returned goods
- Dispatch and transport
- Product recall
841. Glossary
- Active pharmaceutical ingredient
- Contamination
- Cross-contamination
- Excipient
- Expiry date
- Labelling
851. Glossary
- g. Packaging material
- h. Pharmaceutical product
- i. Production
- j. Retest date
- k. Storage
- l. Supplier
862. Personnel
- At each storage site (e.g. that of a
manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, community
or hospital pharmacy) there should be an adequate
number of qualified personnel to achieve
pharmaceutical quality assurance objectives. - National regulations on qualifications should be
followed.
872. Personnel
- All personnel should receive proper training in
relation to good storage practice, regulations,
procedures and safety. - All members of staff should be trained in, and
observe high levels of, personal hygiene and
sanitation. - Personnel employed in storage areas should wear
suitable protective or working garments
appropriate for the activities they perform
883. Premises and facilities
- Storage areas
- Storage conditions
- Monitoring of storage conditions
894. Storage requirements
- Documentation written instructions and records
- Labeling and containers
- Receipt of incoming materials and pharmaceutical
products - Stock rotation and control
905. Returned goods
- Returned goods, including recalled goods, should
be handled in accordance with approved procedures
and records should be maintained. - All returned goods should be placed in quarantine
and returned to saleable stock only after this
has been approved by a nominated, responsible
person following a satisfactory quality
re-evaluation. - Any stock reissued should be so identified and
recorded in stock records. Pharmaceuticals
returned from patients to the pharmacy should not
be taken back as stock, but should be destroyed.
916. Dispatch and transport
- Records for dispatch should be retained, stating
at least - the date of dispatch
- the customers name and address
- the product description, e.g. name, dosage
form and - strength (if appropriate), batch number
and quantify - the transport and storage conditions.
- All records should be readily accessible and
available on request.
927. Product recall
- There should be a procedure to recall from the
market, promptly and effectively, pharmaceutical
products and materials known or suspected to be
defective.
93GDP (Good Distribution practice)
94GDP (Good Distribution practice)
- GDP governs the proper distribution of medicinal
products for human use and regulates the movement
of products from the manufacturers premises (or
other central point) to the end user (or other
intermediate point).
95 GDP (Good Distribution practice)
- Principle
- Personnel
- Documentation
- Premises and equipment
- Deliveries to customers
- Returns
- Self inspection
- Provision of information to Member States in
relation to wholesale activities
961. Principle
- Policy ensures that products released for
distribution are of the appropriate quality. - In addition to this, the quality system should
ensure that the right products are delivered to
the right addressee within a satisfactory time
period. - A tracing system should enable any faulty product
to be found and there should be an effective
recall procedure.
972. Personnel
- He should fulfil his responsibilities personally.
- Person should be appropriately qualified
although a degree in Pharmacy is desirable, the
qualification requirements may be established by
the Member State on whose territory the
wholesaler is located.
982. Personnel
- Key personnel involved in the warehousing of
medicinal products should have the appropriate
ability and experience to guarantee that the
products or materials are properly stored and
handled. - Personnel should be trained in relation to the
duties assigned to them and the training sessions
recorded.
993. Documentation
- All documentation should be made available on
request of competent authorities - Orders
- Procedures
- Records
1004. Premises and equipment
- Premises and equipment should be suitable and
adequate to ensure proper conservation and
distribution of medicinal products. - Receipt
- Storage
1015. Deliveries to customers
- Deliveries should be made only to other
authorised wholesalers or to persons authorised
to supply medicinal products to the public in the
Member State concerned. - In case of emergency, wholesalers should be in a
position to supply immediately the medicinal
products that they regularly supply to the
persons entitled to supply the products to the
public.
1025. Deliveries to customers
- Medicinal products should be transported in such
a way that - a) Their identification is not lost
- b) They do not contaminate, and are not
contaminated by, other products or materials - c) Adequate precautions are taken against
spillage, breakage or theft - d) They are secure and not subjected to
unacceptable degrees of heat, cold, light,
moisture or other adverse influence, nor to
attack by microorganisms or pests.
1036. Returns
- Returns of non-defective medicinal products
- Emergency plan and recalls
- Counterfeit medicinal products
- Special provisions concerning products classified
as not for sale
1047. Self inspection
- Self-inspections should be conducted 9and
recorded) in order to monitor the implementation
of and compliance with this guideline.
105 8. Provision of information to Member
States in relation to wholesale activities
- Wholesalers wishing to distribute or distributing
medicinal products in Member State(s). - Where appropriate, the competent authorities of
this (these) other Member State(s) will inform
the wholesaler of any public service obligation
imposed on wholesalers operating on their
territory.
106 Guidance documents deal with GDP
- WHO Good Distribution Practice, Annex 5 to
Technical Report Series, No. 937, 2006 - Health Canada Guidelines for Temperature Control
of Drug Products during Storage and
Transportation, 2005 - Irish Medicines Board Guide to Control and
Monitoring of Storage and Transportation
Temperature Conditions for Medicinal Products and
Active Substances, 2006 - USP chapter lt1079gt Good Storage and Shipping
Practice - EU Guidelines on Good Distribution Practice of
Medicinal Products for Human Use (94/C 63/03)
107GRP (Good Review Practice)
108GRP (Good Review Practice)
- A good review practice (GRP) is a documented best
practice within CDER that discusses any aspect
related to the process, format, content, and/or
management of a product review. - GRPs are developed over time as superior
practices based on CDERs collective experience
to provide consistency to the overall review
process of new products. - GRPs are developed to improve the quality of
reviews and review management.
109GRP (Good Review Practice)
- GRPs improve efficiency, clarity, and
transparency of the review process and review
management. - GRPs are expected to be adopted by review staff
as standard processes through supervisor
mentoring, implementation teams, and formal
training when necessary. - Developing GRPs is an attempt to identify,
collect, enhance, implement, and adopt may of
these best practices as documented and
standardized GRPs that can be shared among all
review division
110GRPs Fundamental Values
- - Quality Consistent implementation of GRPs by
review staff will enhance the quality of reviews,
the review process, and the resultant regulatory
action. - - Efficiency GRPs will improve the efficiency
of the review process through standardization. - - Clarity GRPs support clarity throughout the
review process, including critical review and
decision activities that must be completed before
a regulatory decision is made.
111GRPs Fundamental Values
- - Transparency Developing and documenting GRPs
ensures that our review processes are readily
available in one location via the Internet
(through CDERs Web site) to sponsors and the
public. - - Consistency By offering a consistent approach
and only deviating from it when appropriate
(after supervisory concurrence), GRPs help
reviewers achieve consistency with their reviews
and provide standard review processes across
divisions and offices.
112cGxP
113cGxP
- A "c" or "C" is sometimes added to the front of
the acroynm. - The preceding "c" stands for "current."
- For example, cGMP is an acronym for "current Good
Manufacturing Practices." cGMP is the most well
known example of a GxP. - The term GxP is only used in a casual manner, to
refer in a general way to a collection of quality
guidelines.
114cGxP
- What does cGxP stand for?
- Current Good X Practice (FDA compliance X can
mean Manufacturing, Clinical, Laboratory,
Storage, Distribution, Review Pharmaceutical)
115Thank you
Cell No 00919742431000 E-mail
bknanjwade_at_yahoo.co.in