Diseases

1
Diseases

• Chapter 9

2
Communicable Diseases

• Transmitted from person to person
• Transmission can occur by
• Direct transmission
• Coughing or sneezing
• Indirect transmission
• Contaminated water or infected insects

3
Types

• HIV/AIDS
• Tuberculosis
• Mononucleosis
• Hepatitis
• Common Cold
• Influenza

4
HIV/AIDS

• Non-sexual contraction through blood
  transfusions, sharing needles, and or the
  exchange of blood or breast milk from a mother to
  her unborn or newborn child
• High risk groups
• IV drug users
• Individuals receiving a blood transfusion before
  1985

5
Tuberculosis

• Affects the lungs
• Caused by the bacillus microorganism
  Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Transmitted by airborne droplets when someone
  with active TB coughs, talks, or sneezes

6
Tuberculosis cont

• Latent TB
• Will have a positive skin test
• Not ill
• Cannot infect others
• May develop TB later in life

7
Tuberculosis cont

• Active TB
• Infants, adolescents, young adults are at risk
• Symptoms fatigue, weight loss, lethargy,
  decreased appetite, low grade fever, and night
  sweats
• A cough generally develops slowly
• Infections involves the lungs, but can spread to
  other parts of the body
• One half of untreated individuals will die
• With treatment, 5 10 will die

8
Tuberculosis cont

• Diagnosis
• Chest x-ray
• Culture and microscopic examination
• Treatment
• Active TB combination of medication
• Treatment failure due to the development of
  drug-resistant strains, caused by the
  irregularity in taking medications

9
Mononucleosis

• Transmitted by saliva exchange
• Majority of cases occur in 15 30 yr olds
• Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which attacks
  the lymphocytes
• Symptoms
• Initially, mild symptoms of headache fatigue
• Followed by, lymph node enlargement and sore
  throat

10
Mononucleosis cont

• Medical concerns
• Enlargement of the spleen
• Rare but possible complications, such as
  hepatitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and coma
• Diagnosis
• Blood test that detects the Epstein-Barr virus
• Treatment
• Bed rest, adequate hydration, non-aspirin
  analgesics

11
Hepatitis

• Inflammation of the liver
• Causes of Hepatitis
• Alcohol or drug induced inflammation
• Virus most common
• 6 different viruses (A, B, C, D, E, G)
• Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern
• 5,000,000 people are infected with Hepatitis B or
  C

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Hepatitis cont

• Hepatitis can cause
• Rapid liver failure and death
• Cirrhosis and/or liver cancer a slower process
• Hepatitis A B - more likely to cause symptoms
• Hepatitis B C - more likely to contribute to
  long-term health problems

13
Hepatitis A Public Health Concern

• Diagnosis can be alarming
• With advances in treatment, there is hope for
  recovery
• especially when treatment is started early in the
  course of the illness
• Prevention and testing are also important factors

14
Hepatitis A

• Poses the least threat
• Transmission
• contact with food or water which has been
  contaminated with infected human waste
• OR
• direct person-to-person transmission
• May be no symptoms at all, but commonly there are
  flu-like symptoms
• The course of the illness varies from mild
  symptoms lasting 1-2 weeks to severe symptoms
  lasting several months

15
Hepatitis A cont

• Individuals at risk
• Household or sexual contacts of infected
  individuals
• Children in day care settings and their adult
  caretaker
• Patients and caretakers in institutionalized
  settings
• Recent travelers to developing countries
• Diagnosis
• Detecting elevated liver enzymes and antibodies
  against Hepatitis A

16
Hepatitis A cont

• Treatment
• Analgesics for pain
• IV fluids in the presence of excessive vomiting
  to prevent dehydration
• Prevention
• Careful hand washing
• Proper sewage disposal
• Effective water treatment developed countries
• Vaccine is available
• Recommended if traveling to a country with poor
  sanitation

17
Hepatitis C

• The most serious viral hepatitis to date
• Transmission is similar to Hepatitis B
• Risk factors
• Blood transfusion prior to 1992
• IV drug abuse
• Most who contract the virus have no symptoms
• Some will have flu-like symptoms

18
Hepatitis C cont

• 85 of those infected will develop a chronic
  infection
• If left untreated, an individual is at higher
  risk for cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure

19
Hepatitis C cont

• Diagnosis
• Testing liver enzymes levels hepatitis C
  antibodies
• Treatment
• Interferon
• Rebetron
• No vaccine available

20
Meningitis

• Infection of the fluid of a persons spinal cord
  and the fluid that surrounds the brain
• Viral Meningitis
• Most common
• Less severe
• Treatment bed rest, fluids, medicine to relieve
  fever and headaches

21
Bacterial Meningitis

• Can cause blindness, deafness, permanent brain
  damage, learning disability, or even death
• Can be treated successfully with antibiotics if
  caught early
• Classic symptoms high fever, severe headache, a
  stiff neck, and a skin rash that looks like
  small, purplish red spots
• Other symptoms nausea, vomiting, discomfort
  looking into bright lights, confusion, and
  sleepiness
• Symptoms can take anywhere from 2-10 days after
  close exposure to someone with meningitis

22
Meningitis cont

• Diagnosis spinal tap
• Spread by direct contact through respiratory and
  throat secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing,
  kissing, and immediate sharing of unwashed eating
  utensils)
• There should be special concern if someone in
  your household or dorm, daycare, or intimate
  partner has contracted meningitis

23
Common Cold

• Caused by several different viruses
• Transmitted directly or indirectly
• Symptoms congestion, sneezing, sore throat,
  coughing, and a low-grade fever
• Medication can ease symptoms

24
Influenza (Flu)

• Viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial
  tubes, and lungs
• Transmission similar to the common cold
• Symptoms high fever, chills, headache, muscle
  and joint ache, coughing and fatigue

25
Reducing the Risk of Contracting the Cold and/or
Flu

• Wash hands often
• Do not touch infected areas
• Drink plenty of water
• Adequate rest
• Avoid using handkerchiefs
• Vitamin C
• Flu shot

26
Non-Communicable Diseases

• Not transmitted from person to person
• Develops from many sources
• Genetic predisposition
• Lifestyle factors
• Sun exposure
• Smoking
• Physical inactivity
• Unhealthy eating habits

27
Types

• Cancer
• Asthma
• Diabetes

28
Cancer

• Characterized by the growth of abnormal cells
• Tumors are benign or malignant
• Classified by cell type and organ of origination
• 4 classifications
• Carcinoma
• Sarcomas
• Leukemias
• Lymphomas

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Risk Factors

• Family history 10 of all cancers
• Race and culture
• Carcinogens 80-90 of all cancers
• Environmental and occupational hazards
• Sun exposure
• Cigarette smoking
• Viruses
• Alcohol consumption
• Poor dietary habits

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7 Warning Signs of Cancer

• 1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
• 2. A sore not healing
• 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
• 4. Thickening lumps
• 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• 6. Obvious change in wart or mole
• 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness

31
Cancer cont

• WHAT IS THE KEY TO BEATING CANCER???
• Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy

32
Skin Cancer

• Most common form of cancer
• 90 occur on parts of the body not usually
  covered by clothes (face, hands, forearms, ears)

33
Types of Skin Cancer

• The two most common
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• The fatality rate is less than one percent
• Less prevalent
• Malignant melanoma
• Incidence is rising 4-5 each year

34
Risk factors

• blond or red hair
• freckling on upper back
• rough red bumps on skin
• family history of melanoma
• 3 or more blistering sunburns as a teenager
• 3 or more years at an outdoor job as a teenager
• living in the southern United States

35
Skin cancer cont

• risk increases 3-4 times w/ 1 or 2
  characteristics
• risk increases 20-25 times w/ 3 characteristics

36
Prevention

• Avoid sun when your shadow is shorter than you
• Cover up when in the sun
• Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or greater
• Beware of cloudy days, water, and snow
• Avoid tanning beds

37
Early Detection

• Skin Self-Exam (SSE)
• Performed each month
• Start with the head and work downward
• Follow the ABCD rule
• Asymmetry
• Border
• Color
• Diameter

38
Lung Cancer

• 1 cause of cancer deaths in U.S.
• 85 of all lung cancer deaths are caused by
  smoking
• Other carcinogens asbestos, secondhand smoke,
  radiation and radon exposure
• Is there early detection for lung cancer???
• Symptoms
• chest pain, shortness of breath
• recurring bronchitis or pneumonia
• weight loss or loss of appetite
• nagging cough
• anemia

39
Breast Cancer

• Most common form among women (besides skin
  cancer)
• Risk factors
• Age 40 and older
• family history
• early onset of menstruation
• having no children or at a late age
• late menopause
• obesity

40
Breast Cancer cont

• What is the best way to reduce mortality rates
  among breast cancer patients???
• Women age 20 should perform monthly BSEs
• Routine mammograms by age 40
• Breast Self Exams
• Look for masses within the tissue or changes in
  appearance
• Conduct self exam at the same time each month
• One week after the beginning of the menstrual
  period

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Breast Self Exams cont

• Procedures
• Mirror
• Bath or Shower
• Lying Down

42
Cervical Cancer

• Mainly affects young women
• No symptoms in the early stages
• Symptoms uterine bleeding, cramps, infections,
  pain in the abdominal region
• Risk Factors 1st vaginal intercourse at an early
  age, multiple sex partners, infections with
  certain types of HPVs, cigarette smoking

43
Pap Smear

• A check for pre-cancerous cells or early cancer
  of the cervix
• Can help prevent up to 90 of cervical cancer
• When should you have your first pap smear?
• How often should you have a pap smear?

44
Testicular Cancer

• Most common cancer among younger males (ages 15
  34)
• Risk Factors
• Greatest Risk factor undescended testicle as a
  child
• Other risk factors family history, inguinal
  hernia, testicular trauma, mumps, elevated
  testicular temperature, vasectomy

45
Testicular Cancer cont

• Check with your physician
• If there is a general feeling of heaviness in the
  testicles
• If the whole testicle feel harder than usual
• If one side of your scrotum is very swollen
• If you feel a lump or hard area in the testicles
• Any skin sores, bumps, or other changes in your
  genitals that do not seem normal

46
Testicular Self Exams

• Exams should begin at age 15
• How often should you perform a TSE???
• When should you perform a TSE???
• Procedures
• Mirror
• After a Bath or Shower

47
Oral Cancers

• Cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx
• Risk factors tobacco excessive alcohol use
• Early symptoms a bleeding sore that will not
  heal, a lump or thickening, a red or white patch
  (lesion) that will not go away, a persistent sore
  throat, difficulty chewing, swallowing or moving
  of the tongue or jaws

48
Asthma

• Respiratory disorder which involves difficulty
  breathing
• Individuals will notice a wheezing sound
• In some cases, an individual can remove
  themselves from an irritant
• Most attacks require medical intervention

49
Asthma cont

• Risk factors family history, exposure to certain
  allergens, certain viral infections, and
  cigarette smoke
• Individuals are twice as likely to have asthma,
  if their mother smoked
• Most children outgrow the condition

50
Diabetes

• Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas
• OR
• The bodys inability to utilize insulin
• 2 functions of insulin
• move glucose from blood to cells
• convert glucose to glycogen
• Types of diabetes Type I and Type II

51
Type I Diabetes

• associated with child or adolescent onset
• pancreas does not produce insulin
• requires regular injections
• Symptoms
• fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger or thirst,
  frequent urination, and weight loss
• symptoms appear suddenly and dramatically
• Treatment monitor blood glucose and adjust the
  amount of insulin injected

52
Type II Diabetes

• Associated with adult onset and obesity
• Insulin produced, but the cells of the body do
  not use it effectively
• Symptoms
• drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow healing
  of cuts, skin infections, numbness of fingers
  and toes
• symptoms appear gradually

53
Type II Diabetes cont

• Complications
• Diabetic coma, seizures, strokes, heart attacks,
  gangrene of the lower extremities, blindness
• Leading cause of blindness among adults
• Accounts for half of all amputations
• Treatment
• Healthy diet
• Regular exercise
• Maintain healthy body weight and fat levels
• In some instances, insulin may be required