INTRODUCTION AND REMOTE SENSING HISTORY Some Historical

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INTRODUCTION AND REMOTE SENSING HISTORY
Some Historical Notes Remote sensing beganin
1840 when balloonists used new camera
technology to take pictures. At the turn of
thecentury there was apigeon fleet in Europe.
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Some Historical Notes
Camera systemswere placed on V-2rockets
tested atWhite Sands, NMafter WW II. Sputnik
in 1957changed our outlooktoward using
outerspace as a place fromwhich to observe
theearth.
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Milestones in the history of Remote Sensing
1800 Discovery of infrared by Sir William
Herschel 1839 Beginning of practice of
photography 1847 Infrared spectrum shown
by A. H. L. Fizeau J.B.L. Foucault to share
properties with visible light 1850-1860
Photography from balloons 1873 Theory of
electromagnetic energy developed by James Clerk
Maxwell 1909 Photography from
airplanes 1914-1918 World War 1 aerial
reconnaissance 1920-1930 Development
initial application of aerial photography
photogrammetry 1929-1939 Economic depression
generates environmental crises that lead to
governmental application of aerial photography.
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Milestones in the history of Remote Sensing
1930-1940 Development of radars in Germany, US
UK 1839-1945 World War II application of
nonvisible portions of electromagnetic spectrum,
training of persons in acquisition and
interpretation of airphotos. 1950-1960 Military
research and development 1850-1860 Photography
from balloons 1956 Colwell research on
plant disease detection with infrared
photography. 1960-1970 First use of term remote
sensing, start TIROS weather satellite, Skylab
1972 Launch of Landsat 1 1970-1980
Rapid advances in digital image
processing 1980-1990 Landsat 4 new generation
of Landsat sensors 1986 SPOT French Earth
Observation satellite 1980 Development of
hyperspectral sensor
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Definition of Remote Sensing "Remote sensing is
the science (and to some extent, art) of
acquiringinformation about the Earth's surface
without actually being in contact with it. This
is done by sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and
applying thatinformation" (from Canadian Center
for RemoteSensing).
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• REMOTE SENSING includes all methods and
  techniques used to gain qualitative and
  quantitative information about distant objects
  without coming into direct contact with these
  objects.
• Look-Look, NO Touch

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• Remote Sensing is a much wider field than we will
  discuss in this lecture series. We will
  concentrate on that part of RS dealing with
• EARTH
• LAND RESOURCES

Vision
Medical Imaging
Sound and Radio Wave Detection
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What is REMOTE SENSING ?
eg. Camera
Sensor System
Source of Force Field
Resulting RS Data Set eg. Image
DATA ACQUISITION
Reflection
Object (generic)
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What is REMOTE SENSING ?
DATA PROCESSING
Interpretation (secondary) Measurements Data
Processing Mapping (geometric) Presentation
of Processing Results Explaining deduced OBJECT
INFORMATION
RS Data Set eg. Image
Object(s)
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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• Remote Sensing (RS) methods try to answer four
  basic questions
• HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
• What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ? (Area,
  Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
• Has it CHANGED?
• What is the MIX of Objects?

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
• WHAT
• Type eg. water, vegetation, land.
• Characteristic eg. temperature, concentration,
  state of development.
• Properties of object eg. subtype, species,
  character and property as well as its abstract
  meaning.
• gt DATA INTERPRETATION

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
• HOW MUCH determine by simple COUNTING,
  measuring AREA covered or percentage of total
  area coverage.
• WHERE Relate locations and area covered to
  either a standard map or to the actual location
  on the ground where the object occurs.
• NOTE WHERE also refers to a moment in time

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ? (Area,
  Boundaries, Lineaments, ...)
• This extends the WHERE to be a completely
  GEOMETRIC problem. MAP PRODUCTION methods are to
  be applied to the analysis of RS information.
  These include
• Photogram metric Methods
• Identification and Delineation of Boundaries and
  Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)

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• Has it CHANGED?
• CHANGE may occur with progress of TIME.
• Change may be detected through comparison of
  observed states at different moments in time.
• gt CHANGE DETECTION

Land use change in Pulau Indah from mangrove
forest to industrial area
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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• What is the MIX of Objects?
• The surface of the Earth is covered by objects
  like Soil, Water, Grass, Trees, Houses, Roads and
  so on. These are GENERIC OBJECTS. We know these
  well, but we also know objects like Open Forest,
  Residential and Industrial Estates, etc. Each of
  these ABSTRACT OBJECTS are made up of a typical
  collection of Generic Objects.

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• What is the MIX of Objects?
• One important task for Remote Sensing is to
  identify
• GENERIC OBJECTS as well as
• ABSTRACT OBJECTS within areas of interest
• The following lessons will be devoted to
  techniques and methods as well as to the logistic
  for finding answers to the four basic questions.

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• (2) RS requires a SENSOR which can detect changes
  in the carried Signal.
• Apart from our own eyes and ears, technology has
  provided us with a multitude of sensors operating
  in the detection of force fields microphones,
  geophones, photographic film, video cameras and
  photo detectors, radio wave receivers,
  gravimeters and magnetometers.

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What is REMOTE SENSING ?

• (3) RS requires RECORDING, ANALYSIS,
  INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION of the sensed
  information in a purposeful way.
• This is a technique based topic. It is essential
  for the success or failure of RS in respect of
  its anticipated purpose.
• This topic will be dealt with in its main
  aspects (but not completely) in the following
  lessons.

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MANUFACTURE OF AIR BORNE REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM TO
EXTRACT THE QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION
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