Globalization and challenges to secondary education

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Globalization and challenges to secondary
education

• Dr.Y.Josephine
• yjosephine_at_nuepa.org

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What is Globalisation

• The term globalisation means free trade and free
  movement of all factors of production including
  labour

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The globalisation process in India during the
past Ancient period Globalisation

• Economic factors that led to the country's
  economic prosperity
• References available from Jatakas and other
  texts.
• Evidences are also based on discovery of Indian
  articles

• The time of Buddha (3rd century B. C.) Indian
  sailors could go to lands now called Myanmar,
  Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam,
  Campuchea in the east and Sri Lanka in the South
• Mauryan policy of friendship with the world

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In the early centuries of the Christian era

• spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles
  (Muslim countries)
• ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice,
  ghee, Indian iron (for its purity,
• live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants
  (for the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman
  provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds
  (parrots, peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used
  as pets of Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea
  trade flourished at that time.

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First millennium -Globalization Process

• India took a leading and pioneer role

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The expansion of India's Globalisation process
in the East Asia during Gupta era (240-495 A.D)

• India's international trade connections reached
  its peak

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Decline of Indian Globalisation

• Decline since the 8th century A.D. and became
  insignificant in the course of next three hundred
  years.

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Reasons

• Due to low technology
• Inability to protect her trading infrastructure
  from foreign invaders which resulted in plunder
  and destruction etc.it was disastrous during
  middle age

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20th century globalisation in India

• started since-1985
• continuing till now with varying degree of pace
  in its successive phases (1985-91, 1991-95,
  1995-2005) and is expected to continue

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• Background for the Present Globalisation in
  India
• Economic Crisis in India
• Political Imbalances
• Gulf Crisis

Loss of Export Market
Higher Import Bill

• Impact on
• International Credits
• International Market

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As a Result

• India near to default in July 1991.
• Widespread Shortage of essential imported
  Commodities
• Cut Back on Industrial Output
• Inflation
• Unable to pay the maintenance cost

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Corrective steps taken

• To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by the
  stringent conditionalities imposed by the World
  Bank and the IMF.
• This resulted in the adoption of completely
  different types of economic policies in 1991
  which are now well known as 'economic reforms'.

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Emergence of LPG or SAPs or Reforms

• This phase of globalisation for India as the
  Economic Reforms policies consisted of LPG
  strategies viz, Liberalisation, Privatisation and
  Globalisation

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These Reforms are

• Liberalization of foreign Exchange
• Devaluation
• Increase of Cuts in spending
• Indirect Taxes
• Reduction in Govt Expenditure
• Cut on Social Sector
• Cut on Education

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Sectors where Globalisation/Economic Reforms
entered

1. Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of
   Higher education,Internationalization of
   education
2. Linguistic, cultural ideology
   convergence-Emergence of Foreign language
   centers,international brands promotion etc.
3. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex
   CitiBank etc
4. Communication Information Technology sector-
   Private Channels ,Mobile Phones,Computer ,
   internet etc.
5. International movement of people-Liberal policy
   in Passport issues,visa etc.
6. Business sector-World system of signs images
   brands

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• Countries Failure
• Zaire-Africa
• Mali-Africa
• Nigeria-Africa
• Niger-Africa
• Sierra-Africa
• Leone-Africa
• Zambia Africa
• Peru-South America
• Madagascar-Africa
• Bolivia-South America
• Ethiopia-Africa
• Mauritina -Africa

• Countries-successful
• Korea-Asia
• Hongkong-Asia
• Singapore-Asia
• Malaysia-Asia
• China-Asia
• Thailand-Asia
• Indonesia-Asia

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Asian Countries which are Globalising

1. India
2. Bangladesh
3. Philippines
4. Pakisthan

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Impact on Education sector- World Experiences

• Failures after
• Globalization
• Reduced attendance in the School
• Fees introduced at Primary level
• Skilled manpower migration(Brain Drain)
• High opportunity cost

• Success after Globalization
• Income increased
• Resources from other sources increased
• Rise in human development
• High Domestic savings. (25 in Education)

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Changes in the system of Education in India

• Conventional System(Usual)
• Welfare Approach
• Public Higher Education
• Public Financing
• Private State Financed Institutions.
• Private Government Recognised Institutions
• Private Degree awarding Institutions

• Emerging System
• Market Approach
• Mixed and Private Higher Education
• Private Financing
• Private Self Financing Institutions
• Private Institutions requiring no Government
  recognition
• Private Non-Degree (Diploma/ Certificate)
  awarding Institutions

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Contd..

• Conventional System(Usual)
• Private Philanthropy and educational
  Considerations
• No Fees
• Low Levels of Fees
• No Student Loans
• Commercially Ineffective Loan Programmes -- no
  security
• High default rates
•  

• Emerging System
• Private commercial motives profit motives
• Introduction of Fees
• High Levels of Fees
• Introduction of Student Loan Programmes
• Effective/Commercially Viable Loan Programmes
  security/mortgage
• Expected high recovery rates

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Contd..

1. Emergence of many Academic Disciplines
2. Emphasis on lifelong Education
3. Increasing pressure on Role of the Heads of
   Institutions on ethics and accountability

• Self-Financing/Commercially viable/profitable
  disciplines of study
• Open/Distance/Part-Time Education
• Academic leadership , Money Management and in
  Resource Generation

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The paradigm shift in school education- Tension
points to schools

• Hybridization focusing on
• the content and process of education
• system of evaluation of the outcomes of learning
  through moderation
• standardization, and certification.
• knowledge-divide,
• social divide, and
• an urban-rural divide

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The GATS gateway

• The emergence of GATS has opened yet another
  threshold for global competition and partnership

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The Globetrotters

• global level school education providers
• (like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE,
  Australian school educational system, and the
  German mode) designing an updated educational
  edifice
• already designed and entered to cater to the
  local Indian educational requirements

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Specific Tension points to school system

• Mismatch between Global needs and local
  production
• Traditional set ups and demand for modernity
• Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of
  opportunity and facing the competition
• Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and
  slow progress in Teacher/principals up gradation
• Of know--
• Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the
  demand of education

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Contd..

• Demand for new skills,
• Demand for new knowledge,
• Demand for new emotional strength
• Change in the demand in employment global demands
  for global education

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Demands -Skill Level Changes
Skilled 20
Unskilled 15
Unskilled 60
Professional 20
Skilled 65
Professional 20
1970
2007
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Present education scenario of India

• 4. 6 are the ones that cross the 102 stage,
• 8 in higher education
• degree which may not be very relevant in today's
• context for the sake of employment generation
  5. 72 of all graduates from the 15,000 colleges
  are Arts graduates..
• Balance 2.28 -From Science, Commerce,
  Engineering,
• I. T., Medical,Law, Management and
  special subjects.

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Current employment situation

• Of all new employment generated, 1 are
  Government jobs,
• 2 are in the organized sector and the balance
• 97 in the' unorganized sector

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• we need to concentrate on the balance 97 of the
  Economy Enterprise
• I.T. Software India's present share is about
  3.
• For rapid economic growth and employment
  generation we need to concentrate on the balance
  97 of the Economy Enterprise and make it world
  class.

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India's internal problems

• 71 or 770 million people are below 35 years of
  age.
• 2. 29 million people are born every year,
• 3. 94 drop out rate of children between
• kindergarten and 102
• www.wakeupcall.org

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India as the world see

• Powered with more Young population
• English Language power
• Moving from identity of Snake charmers to mouse
  movers
• World leaders acknowledges Indias rise ---visits
  from leaders and officials from the United
  States, France, Germany and Russia have
  spotlighted.
• wealthier nations see India as trading partner
  with enormous potential-

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• Graduates of the nations business programs are
  in high demand among multinational corporations,
• Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as
  starting salaries ranging from 75,000 (USD) at
  Indian firms to over 200,000 outside the
  country.
• This is comparable to graduates of top American
  business schools such as Harvard, Stanford

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Future agenda or Goals for school education

• Improving Secondary Education in India Finding
  Complementarities with International Standards

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• Prepare younger generation with new knowledge,
• renewed skills for understanding technical know-
  how,
• sharpening competencies necessary for human and
  economic development
• Redesigning methodology of educational teaching
  process,

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1. Balancing Vocational and Academic Education-
2. Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive Skills or
   Behavioral and Life Skills-
3. Designing Systems for Mass or Selective
   Education
4. Building Better Curriculum Models

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1. Designing integrated and interdisciplinary
   courses
2. Terminal education to lifelong learning
3. Information-based learning systems to
   application knowledge
4. learning to analysis and synthesis
5. Memorisation to critical thinking
6. Learning things just in case they may be useful
   to a time learning system that promotes

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1. A directive based system to an initiative based
   system
2. A highly centralized system to a devolving system
   
3. Supply driven vocational courses to
   demand-oriented courses

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Impart education suits Jobs for the 21st Century
Funding to initiate or expand activities that
help meet the goals of the new Jobs for the 21st
Century initiative by ensuring that all students
are prepared to succeed in postsecondary
education and the workforce.
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Skills oriented education for 21st Century
Workforce

• Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects
• Development of Multiple intelligence
• Critical Thinking Creative Thinking
• Decision-Making
• Problem Solving
• Interpersonal Relationship
• Effective Communication
• Coping with Emotions
• Coping with Stress
• Self-Awareness
• Empathy
• high value on
• Verbal written communications
• Math
• Computer expertise

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Need for vocational education

• While 95 of the world youth between 15 to 35
  years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a
• trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education
• training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules,
• we in India have only identified about 97 courses
• after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2 of
  the population goes for formal VET training!

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Plan to face WTO.

• New technologies for anytime, anywhere
  learning..
• Focus on the consumer Education which is a means
  to a livelihood.
• Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the
  future needs of the industrial and service
  sectors.
• Higher education institutions must engage with
  industry.

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Revise school syllabus

• all school examination boards should revise their
  syllabus to test research, analysis, memory,
  comprehension and expression capabilities of
  students.
• There is urgent need to develop innovative
  curricula,
• Most foreign boards provide flexibility in
  curriculum through wide range of subjects

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modern teaching methods

• practice modern teaching methods, and
• generate competitive academic culture for which
  an enabling framework of governance is needed.

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Modern evaluation methods

• Student friendly evaluation
• open choice frame work
• Move beyond the textbooks syndrome

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