Globalization

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Globalization
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(No Transcript)
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Definition

• Global industrialism or globalization is the
  impact of industrialization and its
  socioeconomic, political, and cultural
  consequences on the nonindustrialized societies
  of the world.

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The Economics of Globalization

• Neo-Classical Economic Theory
• Marginal Product Revenue Theory

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Marginal Product Revenue Theory

• Equilibrium is achieved where supply and demand
  meet in a competitive market.
• The business world does not like equilibrium
  because it limits profits.
• The more unique the offering the more the company
  can charge in excess of their costs.

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Marginal Product Revenue Theory

• The Result business will always seek new
  markets and new products to offer.

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The Global Village

• Since humans developed culture, weve moved
  toward globalization.
• We live in a world in which all regions are in
  contact with one another through the mass media,
  instantaneous communication, and highly
  integrated economic and political networks.

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What changes is this having on the world today
in terms of

• Environment
• Demography
• Technology
• Economy
• Politics
• Ethnicity
• Religion

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Environmental Trends

• Non-industrial societies depleted the environment
  by slash-and-burn horticulture, overgrazing, soil
  erosion, and species extinction.
• Industrialized societies have far more ways to
  damage the environment
• Mechanized Agriculture
• Agribusiness
• Green Revolution
• Genetic engineering
• Loss of biodiversity
• Air Pollution
• Ozone depletion
• Acid rain
• Global warming/greenhouse effect

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Population Trends

• Demographic-transitional
• model
• Applied
• Palaeolithic 10 million
• 2000 A.D. over 6 billion
• 2050 A.D. 10.2 billion?
• However, Western society has achieved ZPG (zero
  population growth) people just replacing
  themselvesand some countries are shrinking
• One-Child policy in China

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Globalization and Bands

• Fourth world societies
• Violent changes
• Ethnocide
• Genocide
• Ethnographic examples
• Ju/hoansi in Namibia and Botswana
• Mbuti Pygmies
• Siriono of Bolivia (500)

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Globalization and Tribes

• North American horticulturists
• Effects of contact
• Forced relocation
• Manifest Destiny
• Trail of Tears
• South American horticulturists
• Yanomamö
• Pastoralists
• Bedouins
• Qashqai pastoralists
• Iran

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Chiefdoms, Resistance, Preservation

• Chiefdoms
• Hawaiian Islands
• Resistance
• Native Americans
• Melanesia and New Guinea
• Hawaiian Religion
• Preservation

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Colonization Who grabbed what

• Latin America Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (the
  rest)
• Africa British (East and West), French (North
  and West), Dutch (South), Belgians (Central), and
  Germans (East)
• Caribbean Primarily the Spanish, however, the
  British, French, and Dutch also obtained some land

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Colonialism

• Latin America
• Columbus, conquistadors, Cortés
• Africa
• Slave trade
• Caribbean
• Plantations
• Middle East
• Suez Canal
• Asia
• Cash crops

Cash Crops of Colonization Top Tobacco in
Cuba Middle Rice in China Bottom Sugar in
Jamaica
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Demographic Changes

• The colonized areas experienced great reductions
  in native populations.
• Africa primarily through the slave trade, but
  also, through brutal means of control
• Latin America and Caribbean primarily through the
  introduction of disease as well as the harsh
  imposed labor conditions

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Changes - Demographic

• Mesoamerica, South America, Caribbean
• Population decline (25 to 1.5 million people)
  initially
• Disease, labor effects, famine
• Population increase later
• Medical and sanitation practices
• Middle East and Asia
• Population growth, reduction of death rates

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Changes - Religious

• The introduction of Christianity

• Religious syncretism Incorporation of
  pre-existing beliefs and practices into
  Christianity
• Africa and Pacific Missionization
• Latin America - Catholic church
• Caribbean Voodoo
• Middle East and Asia
• Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism

The practice of vodoun on Haiti
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Religion and Secularization

• Secularization religion becomes a private
  affair in industrial societies
• Persistence of religion
• Marx predicted religion would disappear, but it
  hasnt
• Religious leaders emphasize cultural values,
  often of an ethnic group
• Revival because of secularization (fundamentalist
  movements)
• Helps people feel a sense of power over their
  lives in the face of global processes they cant
  control

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Changes - Political
Simon Bolívar Nelson Mandela Mahatma
Gandhi Mao Tse Dong

• Initially Indigenous control
• Colonial rule imposed upon acquisition
• Following WWII the colonies eventually become
  independent

• Latin America and Caribbean
• Political autonomy (Bolívar)
• Africa
• Independence movements
• Ghana (1957), Congo (1960), Kenya (1963)
• Apartheid in South Africa (Mandela, 1994)
• Middle East and Asia
• India Gandhi, 1947
• China Democracy to Communism (Mao, 1949)

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Economic Changes

• Still Occurring
• Complete disruption of indigenous systems
• Introduction of the peasant into the global
  marketplace (Open Peasant Communities)
• Currently transitioning from peripheral to
  semi-peripheral, and slowly encroaching on core
  societies.

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Changes - Economic

• Americas, Africa, Caribbean
• Mining, plantation (hacienda) system
• Disruption of indigenous system
• Middle East and Asia
• Cash crops superceded peasant villages
• More dependent on core societies

Finsch Diamond Mine, South Africa
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Economic Trends

• Multinational Corporations
• Promote spread of technical and cultural
  knowledge
• Reorganized production, might eventually manage
  global affairs
• Positives capital and jobs
• Negatives inhibits self-sufficiency, diverse
  economy ( neo-colonialism?)
• Case Study Western Samoa
• Low leasing/royalties
• Large employer, but only a shift of labor
• Peasants had no fall-back plan

House in Western Samoa
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• Anthropology can help assess causes of changes in
  the world and help develop policies based on
  links between local practice and global
  processes.

• Green Revolution in Shahidpur, India
• One village switched from subsistence to
  mechanized agriculture, anthropologist Murray
  Leaf documented it.
• Switch proved economically advantageous.
• Conservation of Wood in Haiti
• Deforestation is a major problem for peasant
  farmers.
• Murray found that peasants feared theyd lose
  land, livelihood if forests were replanted.
• solution the introduction of fast-growing
  hardwoods

Farmers India (above) and Haiti (below)
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Changes Social Structure

• Latin America
• Dyadic contract, patron-client ties, machismo
• Africa
• Non-nuclear family, polygyny, patriarchy
• Middle East
• Required marriage, divorce, complex gender
  relations (compare Egypt to Saudi Arabia)
• Asia
• Communism in China muted patriarchy and some
  kinship ties
• Open marriage options, womens right to work

Traditional purdah
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Ethnic Trends

• People dont think government cares about
  individuals
• Ethnonationalism as a reaction to global
  processes (Québécois, Scots)
• Ethnic group is a refuge from globalization

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Ethnonationalism

• Definition secessionist developments
• Arose in European-colonized areas, in eastern
  Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union
• Response to the trend of globalization, the
  McWorld tendency
• Cosmopolitanism

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Indigenous rights
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What does indigenous mean?
UN definition Indigenous populations are
composed of the existing descendants of the
peoples who inhabited the present territory of a
country wholly or partially at the time when
persons of a different culture or ethnic origin
arrived there from other parts of the world,
overcame them, and by conquest, settlement or
other means, reduced them to a non-dominant or
colonial situation.
also includes isolated or marginal populations
not colonized or conquered also the idea that
they are placed under the state structure which
incorporates mainly the national, social and
cultural characteristics of the dominant society.
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Indigenous Groups and Government

• who is indigenous is decided by government
  ministers
• national governments have different criteria
  because indigenous groups may be able to claim
  state benefits
• By such means governments are able to keep
  control over the character and size of their
  indigenous populations

• In Canada the federal Indian Act. defines an
  Indian as "a person who, is registered as an
  Indian or is entitled to be registered as an
  Indian." Persons registered under the Indian Act
  are referred to as Registered Indian Status. To
  be eligible to receive benefits under the Indian
  Act, individuals must be registered in the Indian
  Register, which is maintained by the Department
  of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
  (DIAND).

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In USA you have to be registered which means you
have to be able to trace your relationship to an
ancestor who was registered in 1906 indigenous
peoples themselves often reject these state
definitions and emphasize culture and self
identification and distinctiveness
RAIN-IN-THE-FACESiouxFrank Fiske c. 1900
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Populations

• 300 million indigenous people
• about half of the counties in the world have an
  indigenous population whose right to self
  determination is being denied
• indigenous peoples are generally a demographic
  minority

• Native Americans 1.5 of Canadian population
• Australian aborigines less than 2 of the
  population
• USA native Americans about .5
• Sweden less than .1

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Relation to Land

• The struggle in the last two decades has centred
  on land.
• Land contains their history and sense of identity
  and it ensures their economic viability as an
  independent people
• for indigenous peoples land is often the seat of
  their spirituality and has a sacred quality
  generally absent from Western thinking

Ayers Rock/ Uluru, the world's largest monolith
and an Aboriginal sacred site located in the Kata
Tjuta National Park, which is owned and run by
the local Aboriginals. The Australian government
handed ownership of the land back to the
Aboriginals some years ago.
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• land is revered and respected and its
  inalienability is reflected in virtually every
  indigenous philosophy
• They see Westerners as trying to gain dominion
  over the land, while they see land as a living
  entity which can neither be claimed for oneself
  or subjugated.

Across the Continent "Westward the Course of
Empire Takes Its Way"Frances F. Palmer, 1868
Buffalo Hunt under the White Wolf Skin An Indian
Strategem on the Level PrairiesAfter George
Catlin, undated
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• A spiritual rapport with the land is common in
  the philosophy of indigenous peoples, but is at
  odds with the prevailing materialist notions of
  Western society
• West sees that land which is not owned by title
  or deed is unclaimed and can be seized,

• natural resources that are left untouched by
  indigenous peoples are considered as wasted and
  are exploited
• economic activities which do not extract the
  greatest commercial benefits are judged
  inefficient and primitive

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• The common way of life of indigenous peoples, one
  that has a reverence for the land, is threatened
  by this attitude of cultural superiority and
  materialism.
• As a consequence indigenous peoples all over the
  world face a similar struggle to protect their
  land, their culture.

California's Native American nations were
decimated first by the diseases the 49ers brought
with them, then by the new California state
government, which put bounties on the heads of
native people.
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The Yanomami, had little contact with the rest of
Brazil until the arrival of the first garimpciros
(gold miners) in the 1970s. By 1987 an estimated
80,000 miners had flocked to the area, polluting
rivers and spreading malaria. Decimated by
disease, the number of Yanomamis living in Brazil
(many also live in Venezuela) fell from 20,000 to
about 8,000 in just 20 years. In Aug 1993 23
Yanomami Indians were massacred by goldminers..
The dead included men, women and children who
were decapitated with machetes
In the words of Yanomami representative "What we
do not want are the mining companies, which
destroy the forest, and the garimpciros, who
bring so many diseases. These whites must respect
our Yanomami land. The garimpciros bring guns,
alcohol, prostitution, and destroy nature
wherever they go. The machines spill oil into the
rivers and kill the life existing in them and the
people and animals who depend on them. For us,
this is not progress."
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Situation of Indigenous Peoples

• face discrimination and suffer disadvantage
• less access to medical care since live mostly in
  rural areas
• more likely to be unemployed than the majority
• paid less than comparable workers and generally
  in lower paid manual jobs
• in nearly all countries which have an indigenous
  population, governments have created special
  agencies for their welfare
• more often than not these bodies serve as
  mechanisms of control over indigenous minorities
  and thereby compound the discrimination talking
  place elsewhere

1990, the Supreme Court held that Oregon could
deny unemployment compensation to two Native
Americans dismissed from their jobs for smoking
peyote as part of tribal religious rituals under
the states narcotics laws
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• receive less opportunities for schooling
• basic education is often hampered by an absence
  of any lingua franca --- in Brazil 120 different
  languages
• education is usually in the dominant language
• locations means that education is inaccessible,
  especially if nomadic

• where formal education is available it is often
  antagonistic to the traditions of indigenous
  people
• It does not impart indigenous culture and few
  efforts are made to accommodate to the needs of
  indigenous communities

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• education is often seen as a means of gaining
  control of indigenous peoples and subverting
  their culture
• Missionaries, teachers and governments have
  recognized that the way to civilise their
  indigenous communities was to take hold of the
  children before their parents could teach them
  the tribal way of life.

• Indigenous cultures often thought to be inferior
  and needed to be bred out of them

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• Assimilation or partial assimilation of
  indigenous peoples has led to a concomitant
  despair at the loss of traditional social
  cohesion
• This, coupled with an understandable disillusion
  with the opportunities offered by the wider
  economy has created serious problems among
  indigenous communities
• violent and accidental deaths and high suicide
  rates
• a universal problem is that in time their
  culture will disappear
• alcoholism and prostitution

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• The Issues
• 1. .Self-determination
• tied in with all aspects of life - political,
  economic, social, and cultural-how people choose
  to live
• seeking to assert their political voice along
  with their economic, cultural and social
  perpetuation and development
• the most problematic topic

• Questions the legitimacy of the settler regimes
• the establishment of Nunavut may be an indicator
  of change

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• 2. Intellectual property rights
• for medicines developed from plants and
  traditional medical practices of indigenous
  peoples
• In most cases no compensation is given to the
  tribe which had preserved and actually discovered
  the medicine.

• A proposal to reform the process to ensure
  compensation to the indigenous people involved
  was recently discussed and rejected by the World
  Intellectual Property Organization.

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3. Control over the exploitation of natural
resources located on the traditional indigenous
lands.

• At present these resources are usually claimed
  by the settler society
• which gets any fees or profits from exploitation
  without regard to the needs or desires of the
  indigenous peoples

The coal-fired Navajo Generating Station near
Page, Arizona
The ownership is U.S.Bureau of Reclamation 24.3
, SRP 21.7 LA Dept. of Water Power 21.2 ,
Arizona Public Service Company 14.0, Nevada
Power 11.3, Tucson Electric Power 7.5
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• 4. Preservation of cultural traditions and
  languages
• a high priority for many indigenous peoples who
  are usually a minority in the settler society.
• Most majority societies have been extremely
  reluctant to allow the use of indigenous
  languages in formal governmental activities.

• There does appear to be movement toward greater
  acceptance of this demand

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Whale Hunting Among the Makah

• Place Neah Bay, on the Olympic Peninsula in
  Washington State
• May 17, 1999- 1st Gray Whale Killed in 75 Year by
  Indigenous Whale Hunters
• Media Coverage Explosion
• Debates upon Two Recurrent Themes Indigenous
  Rights and Environmental Impacts of Whaling

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The Whale Debate

• Questions to Consider
• What were the Makah trying to protect by
  returning to whale hunting?
• What were environmental groups who opposed the
  Makah whale hunting trying to protect?

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5. Compensation for the theft of land and
property by the settler societies.

• Includes return of artefacts now in museums
• also return of skeletons and the right to bury
  them according to tradition

The totem pole is from Star House in Massett
village on the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida
Gwaii), Canada. Now at the Pitt Rivers Museum,
Oxford
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Green unsettled land claims Yellow settled
claims Organge treaty boundaries
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• Indigenous rights and International Law
• International law does not consider indigenous
  peoples rights separately from the concerns of
  the general matters of international law.
• generally simply as issues of human rights
• the specific concerns of indigenous peoples have
  been submerged by the dominant colonial societies
• which control access to domestic and
  international legal agendas or access

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• International Legislation
• 1945 The principal of self-determination of
  peoples was embodied as a central purpose of the
  United Nations in its Charter
• From 1957 until 1982, the ILO was the only
  international law body with any concern with
  indigenous peoples rights.
• In 1957 the ILO promulgated Convention 107 on
  Living and Working Conditions of Indigenous
  Populations.
• This document tended to reflect the views of the
  settler societies
• and promoted the absorption of indigenous
  populations into the settler societies.

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• 1982 the Working Group on Indigenous Populations
  Created (WGIP) --- the principal UN group
  concerned with indigenous peoples rights.
• has called for a "comprehensive study of the
  problem of discrimination against indigenous
  populations".
• The main project of the WGIP has been the
  drafting of a Universal Declaration on Indigenous
  Rights.
• has rejected the assimilationist orientation of
  ILO Convention 107,
• in favour of recognition of the independent
  nature of the existence of indigenous peoples.

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• sets out guarantees of cultural rights and
  called for recognition of "collective property"
  rights and compensation
• deals with indigenous economic and social
  systems
• gives standards for self-determinism by
  indigenous peoples (controversial since the
  settler states do not desire to lose their
  control over indigenous peoples' land) Particular
  objection to paragraph which describes a
  collective right to "autonomy".
• define a dispute resolution process
• describes the property rights of indigenous
  peoples
• This has not been well received by all nations

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• Indigenous peoples and Modern Communications
• The Internet is playing an expanding role in
  supporting the self-determination of peoples and
  emergent nations.
• Many peoples are dispersed, having been forced
  away from their homeland for military, political
  or economic reasons.
• Internet makes possible a certain level of
  cohesion allowing Self Determination movement to
  form and assert itself.
• means that territoriality, in one sense, is not
  nearly as important in the creation of feelings
  of community.
• Self-determination struggles may benefit from the
  ability to form ''virtual communities.''
• e.g. Tibet Online http//www.tibet.org/tibet.org/
  index.html
• operated by the international Tibet Support
  Group community, providing information on the
  plight of Tibet and serving as a virtual
  community . dedicated to ending the suffering of
  the Tibetan people by returning the right of
  self-determination to the Tibetan people.

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• For educational purposes.
• In Barrow, Alaska, the Inuit have built a 48
  million system that allows two-way interactive
  video.
• When the temperature is 40 below zero, high
  school teachers in Barrow can continue teaching
  the kids at their homes.

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• To develop Indigenous Networks
• indigenous peoples have much in common in their
  struggles for political identity, voice, and
  recognition, and sovereignty over their land and
  natural resources.
• the establishment of relations between various
  peoples allows sharing experiences, resources,
  and insights so that those who have learned in
  one way or another can share their knowledge
  convey their culture to the world
• and by co-ordinating actions for solidarity and
  enhanced effectiveness.
• The Internet provides opportunities for such
  networking.

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• To give people a voice
• There's been so much written about native
  people, but none of it by native people
• a few groups have created their own Web sites
  and on-line discussion groups
• Eg NativeWeb (http//www.nativeweb.org),
• contains extensive information about a range of
  native subjects, geographic regions, and cultural
  groups, along with material on native literature,
  languages, newsletters and journals,
  organizations, and bibliographies.
• having a voice allows greater representation of
  one's own people and provides a forum for
  international attention

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• To educate non indigenous people
• so there can be better understanding between
  their 2 worlds
• Information can be used to sway world public
  opinion

Provides access to Information Resources

• Documents specifically related to indigenous
  issues can be found at the Fourth World
  Documentation Project,
• organized by the Center For World Indigenous
  Studies (CWIS) in 1992.

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• horticulturalists living in the rain forests of
  Eastern Brazil.
• Mid 1970s 700 of the 800 died of disease. total
  population 4,000
• Missionaries provided medicine in exchange for
  the Kayapo's adopting western clothes, building
  their village along a street, and suppressing
  their ceremonials
• A state organization controlled their trade and
  communication with the outside, and embezzled
  their cash from the nut crop

The politicization of 'culture
The Kayapo

• The Kayapo felt dependent and in a situation over
  which they had no control

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• The anthropologist proceeds as if what is being
  studied is 'a culture'. In the process, what
  people had hitherto experienced as an embedded
  way of life becomes objectified and verbalized -
  invented - as 'culture'.
• The Kayapo did not see it like that it was just
  the way they did things
• They did not have a concept through which to
  objectify and label their everyday life as a
  'culture'.

This Kayapo chief wears a feather headdress which
establishes his rank.. He is smoking natural
tobacco in his traditional pipe made out of
ironwood.
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• they needed such a concept to deal with their
  situation to give them an identity and
  distinguish themselves as a 'culture' on a par
  with other indigenous people and vis-à-vis the
  dominant national society in an inter-ethnic
  state system.

A Kayapo chieftain wears the traditional botoque
through his lower lip. The plate is made out of
balsa wood, and is a sign of courage meant to
frighten the enemy.
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• The Kayapo realized that what missionaries and
  state administrators used as justification for
  subordination and exploitation, another set of
  Westerners valued highly.
• 'Culture', which had seemed an impediment, now
  appeared as a resource to negotiate their
  co-existence with the dominant society

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• After a Disappearing World documentary was made,
  the Kayapo sought further documentaries so as to
  reach the sympathetic elements in the west.

• In 1989 the Kayapó protested a government
  proposal to build hydroelectric dams along the
  Xingu River. Their appeal aroused worldwide
  support and the project was shelved. If it had
  been implemented, the damming would have flooded
  much of their territory
• When they arranged to meet the Brazilian
  government to oppose the Altamira dam, they
  choreographed themselves for the western media in
  order to gain support of the western audience and
  add pressure on the government.

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• Gone were the shorts, T-shirts and haircuts that
  had appeased the missionaries with men's bare
  chests, body ornament and long ritual dances, the
  Kayapo performed their 'culture' as a strategy in
  their increasingly confident opposition to the
  state.
• by the 1990s the Kayapo had obtained videos,
  radios, pharmacies, vehicles, drivers and
  mechanics, an aeroplane to patrol their land, and
  even their own missionaries.

Young Kayapo girls painted with Jemipapo, a black
paint which is made from Jemipapo fruit crushed
and mixed with fish oil.
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• Kayapo had learnt to objectify their everyday
  life as 'culture' (in the old sense) and use it
  as a resource in negotiations with government and
  international agencies.
• Kayapo politicians seem to have been fully aware
  of the constructedness of 'culture'
• They presented themselves as a homogeneous and
  bounded group
• They defined 'culture' for themselves and used it
  to set the terms of their relations with the
  'outside world'

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• In a history spanning forty years, missionaries,
  government officials, the Kayapo,
  anthropologists, international agencies and non
  government agencies had all competed for the
  power to define a key concept, 'culture'.
• Missionaries and government agencies initially
  had used the concept to define an entity that
  could be acted upon, producing disempowerment and
  dependency among the Kayapo.
• The Kayapo strategy to wrest control of this
  concept from missionaries and government
  officials and turn it against them was part of a
  struggle not just for identity but for physical,
  economic and political survival.

Kayapo girls dancing during the Jemipapo
ceremony. Note the girl at the lower center with
the traditional Kayapo haircut.
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• Kayapo leaders have used ethnographic film to
  assert their own definition of their 'culture'
  and used the strategies others have used against
  them to challenge the processes that have
  marginalized them

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Topical trends

• If the cultural world is shrinking is
  anthropology losing its subject matter
• Exotic cultures untouched are non existent
• Soon cultures of the world are homogenized into a
  single culture

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• 1. Cultural Survival of Indigenous Peoples
• N Americans are concerned with preserving their
  cultures
• Concern is not so much a matter of
  anthropological research as it is for basic human
  rights issues.

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• 2. The study of complex societies
• A growing interest in applied anthropology after
  the affluent decade of the 1950s and 1960s
  witnessed the rediscovery of ethnicity and
  poverty, birth of which were defined as urban
  problems.
• Therefore policy makers have been more inclined
  to use the findings of anthropologists to help
  some of these social problems at home.
• Research opportunities in other cultures have
  diminished newly independent countries
  reluctant to let western anthropologists in
• Funding problems
• study small ethnic communities, socialized
  occupation groups, or other sub cultural groups
  which operate in within the complex societies.

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• 3. The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge
• So that anthropological insights will have an
  impact on policy makers.
• Development agencies
• Companies
• Governments