Main

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• Main
• Characteristics of Anthropology
• Peoples and Cultures of Europe

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The Fields of General Anthropology

• archaeology
• physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropol
  ogy)
• socio / cultural anthropology
• linguistic anthropology

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The Fields of General Anthropology

• archaeology
• physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropol
  ogy)
• socio / cultural anthropology
• linguistic anthropology

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www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
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www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
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Main Characteristics

• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the
  study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as
  a primary goal of anthropology

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Main Characteristics

• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the
  study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as
  a primary goal of anthropology

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Main Characteristics

• culture
• learned
• shared
• transmitted from generation to generation
• based on symbols
• integrated

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Main Characteristics

• culture
• is not inherited
• (i.e., is not biological)
• is not instinct

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Main Characteristics

• cultures
• are integrated
• interact and change

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The Concept of Culture

• Microculture
• a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior
  and thinking found within larger cultures such as
  ethnic groups in localized regions
• local cultures

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The Concept of Culture

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within
  nations
• e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa Ojibwa)
• e.g., Rom (Gypsies)
• e.g., Irish Travellers
• sometimes incorrectly called Gypsies
• e.g., Basques
• e.g., Kurds
• e.g., Australian Aboriginals

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The Concept of Culture

• Microculture
• a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior
  and thinking found within larger cultures such as
  ethnic groups in localized regions
• local cultures

• Macroculture
• a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior
  and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such
  as transnational culture and global culture

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The Concept of Culture

• macrocultures can include groups across nations
• e.g., Rom (Gypsies)
• e.g., ? Al Qaeda

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Main Characteristics

• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the
  study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as
  a primary goal of anthropology

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Main Characteristics

• comparative method
• as a major approach to the study of human
  behavior
• the comparative method compares things

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Main Characteristics

• comparative method
• One form of comparative method was pioneered by
  Fred Eggan
• (University of Chicago)

• Social anthropology and the method of controlled
  comparison
• American Anthropologist, 56743-61 (1954)

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Main Characteristics

• comparative method
• One form of comparative method was pioneered by
  Fred Eggan
• (University of Chicago)

• Social anthropology and the method of controlled
  comparison
• American Anthropologist, 56743-61 (1954)

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Main Characteristics

• comparative method
• Other methods . . .

compare things regionally
in an attempt to understand process
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Main Characteristics

• comparative method
• Other methods . . .

compare things regionally
in an attempt to understand process
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Main Characteristics

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g.,
  process of domestication / civilization
• maize Mexico
• wheat Turkey
• rice China
• manioc Brazil
• millet Africa

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Main Characteristics

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g.,
  process of domestication / civilization
• maize Mexico
• wheat Turkey
• rice China
• manioc Brazil
• millet Africa

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Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants
wheat 10,500 ybp
rice 7,000 ybp
maize 4,200 ybp
millet 4,000 ybp
manioc 4,200 ybp
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342.
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Chapter 14 Understanding Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed. Food
Production A Biocultural Revolution
Neolithic
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
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Neolithic
Tehuacán
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
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• Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico

maize 4,200 ybp
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.
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Neolithic
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
28

• Early Neolithic sites

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349.
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Neolithic
Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.
30

• MehrgarhOne of the earliest Neolithic
  settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan

Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352.
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Main Characteristics

• culture as a primary concept
• comparative methods as major approaches to the
  study of human behavior development and structure
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as
  a primary goal of anthropology

32
The Fields of General Anthropology

• archaeology
• physical or biological anthropology (bioanthropol
  ogy)
• socio / cultural anthropology
• linguistic anthropology

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The main fields of general anthropology
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http//www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
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holism
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holism
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difficult terms
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Glossary

• ethnography
• scientific description of cultures
• (a portrait of a people)

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Glossary

• ethno graphy
• graph from the Greek, meaning something written
  or drawn

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Glossary

• ethnology
• comparative study of cultures

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Glossary

• ethology
• scientific study of the social behavior of
  animals, especially in their natural
  environments
• note that there is no n in ethology

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Glossary

• primatology
• scientific study of the social behavior of
  primates, especially (non-human primates) apes
  and monkeys

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Glossary

• primates
• prosimians (pre-monkeys)
• monkeys
• apes
• and also humans

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http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/p
cprim.html
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Glossary

• non-human primates
• prosimians (pre-monkeys)
• monkeys
• apes

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non-human primates
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Glossary

• primatologist
• usually refers to one who studies the behavior
  and social lives of chimpanzees, gorillas,
  orangutans, monkeys, etc.
• e.g., Jane Goodall, Diane Fossy,
• Birute Galdikas-Brindamour

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Main Characteristics

• culture as a primary concept
• comparative method as major approach to the study
  of human behavior
• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as
  a primary theoretical goal of anthropology
• fieldwork as a primary research technique
  (participant observation)

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Glossary

• Other important terms include . . .

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Glossary

• ethnocentrism
• judging other cultures by the standards of ones
  own culture rather than by the standards of that
  particular culture

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Glossary

• cultural relativism
• the perspective that each culture must be
  understood in terms of the values and ideas of
  that culture and should not be judged by the
  standards of another

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Glossary

• absolute cultural relativism
• the perspective that says a person from one
  culture should not question the rightness or
  wrongness of behavior or ideas in other cultures
  because that would be ethnocentric

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Glossary

• absolute cultural relativism
• World War II Holocaust
• arranged underage marriage
• female genital mutilations
• withholding of medical treatment of children for
  religious reasons
• polygyny. . . .

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http//www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/03/26/St
ateLocal/Polygamists.Might.Be.Building.In.Texas-64
2621.shtml
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http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7333004.stm
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http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7431848.stm
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http//www.presstelegram.com/Stories/0,1413,20425
7E23187257E2235392,00.html
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www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid
2242
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Glossary

• critical cultural relativism
• offers an alternative view that poses questions
  about cultural practices and ideas in terms of
  who accepts them and why, and who they might be
  harming or helping

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Multiple Cultural Worlds

• people live in
• multiple cultural worlds

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multiple cultural worlds

• class
• race
• ethnicity
• gender
• age
• institutions

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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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Paul Buffalo Meditating Medicine
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/In
tro-Temp2.html
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Sharon Gmelch Nan The Life of an Irish Traveling
Woman, Revised Edition. Long Grove IL Waveland
Press, 1991. (ISBN 0881336025)
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmlNan
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This was earlier advocated by Bronislow
Malinowski Edward Sapir(Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis) Margaret Mead
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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

• Oscar Lewis

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http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/v
ideo/Life_Chances.htmltitle
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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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Classics" in Anthropology

• 1930 Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village A Study of
  Folk Life
• Chicago University of Chicago Press
• 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan
• Chicago University of Chicago Press

Robert Redfield
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Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

• Lewis - Refield debate
• Robert Redfield
• Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village A Study of Folk
  Life
• Oscar Lewis
• Life in a Mexican Village Tepoztlan Restudied

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Inis Beag Gaelic "Little Island"
John C. Messenger Inis Beag Isle of
Ireland. Long Grove IL Waveland Press,
1983. (ISBN 0881330515)
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmlInisBeag
74

• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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• . . Man of Aran
• (77 min, 1934, BW)
• Robert J. Flaherty,
• Colman Tiger King,
• Maggie Dirrane, and
• Michael Dirrane

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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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• some areas are officially
• anthropological
• cultural areas . . .

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http//eclectic.ss.uci.edu/drwhite/worldcul/atlas
.htm
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Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological
Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice
Hall, 1998.
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmltitle
80
Middle America (geological)
Mesoamerica (cultural)
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• units of analysis may include
• one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
• the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)
• the community
• a region
• culture area
• a culture / subculture
• Chicanos
• Irish
• Irish Travellers (Gypsies)
• Rom (Gypsies)
• Basques
• Catalans

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The Irish Tinkers The Urbanization of an
Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985
83

• Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups
  within and across nations
• e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa Ojibwa)
• e.g., Rom (Gypsies)
• e.g., Irish Travellers
• sometimes incorrectly called Gypsies
• e.g., Kurds (in Turkey)
• e.g., Basques

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Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the
World. NY Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN 0140298517)
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmlBasqueHistory
85

• units of analysis may also include
• a nation
• (national character studies)
• the item or action itself
• (including processes)
• a cultural metaphor

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Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births
Population Politics and Family-Making in
Italy Belmont, CA Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmlCrisisofBirths
87

• units of analysis may also include
• a nation
• (national character studies)
• the item or action itself
• (including processes)
• a cultural metaphor

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• demography / population
• gender
• ethnicity
• nationalism
• globalization
• development
• social / cultural change
• decision-making
• peasants
• urbanism / urbanization

• stratification
• internal and transnational migration
• transnationalism
• networks
• honor / shame values
• patron-client relationships
• literacy
• we vs. other
• rural / urban continuum

Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt
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Cod A Biography of the Fish That Changed the
World NY Penguin Books, 1998
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.
htmlCod
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• units of analysis may also include
• a nation
• (national character studies)
• the item or action itself
• (including processes)
• a cultural metaphor

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http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/i
ndex.htmltext
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GannonsEuropean Cultural Metaphorsinclude

• Ch. 12. Irish Conversations
• Ch. 17. The Traditional British House
• Ch. 21. The Italian Opera
• Ch. 22.  Belgian Lace
• Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet
• Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight
• Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

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http//www.carn.com/IrishTales.htm
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• and the
• Units of Analysis
• Can be combined

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• demography / population
• gender
• ethnicity
• nationalism
• globalization
• development
• social / cultural change
• decision-making
• peasants
• urbanism / urbanization

• stratification
• internal and transnational migration
• transnationalism
• networks
• honor / shame values
• patron-client relationships
• literacy
• we vs. other
• rural / urban continuum

Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt
97
Italy demography
Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births
Population Politics and Family-Making in
Italy Belmont, CA Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.
http//www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/c
etexts.htmlCrisisofBirths
98
the three major contemporary debates
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the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (free will
  vs. power structures)

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the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (free will
  vs. power structures)

102
the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (free will
  vs. power structures)

103
the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Ipeace. Structuralism (free will vs. power
  structures)

Peace Justice Security Freedom Honor God / Allah
. . .
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http//rawstory.com/news/afp/Bush_says_Iraq_war_ab
out_al_Qaeda_07242007.html
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the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (free will
  vs. power structures)

106
www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/17/2034283.htm
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Cultural Materialism Marvin Harris. The Rise of
Anthropological Theory A History of Theories of
Culture, Updated Edition. Lanham, MD Altamira
Press, 2000.
108
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_
28anthropology29
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www.cultural-materialism.org/cultural-materialism/
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the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural
  Constructionism (nature vs. nurture) (learned
  vs. inherited)
• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism
• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism (free will
  vs. power structures)

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www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID/
20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030
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www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID/
20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030
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• Main
• Characteristics of Anthropology
• Peoples and Cultures of Europe