Keegan Hearn, Wendy Fisher, Natalie Victoria, Trevine Rose

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Savory Stimulants and Delectable Depressants

• Keegan Hearn, Wendy Fisher, Natalie Victoria,
  Trevine Rose

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G3
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Caffeine Sugar

• A Quick Boost
• To
• Your Day!

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Whats a Good Source?
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High Fructose Corn Syrup

• The main ingredient!

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C6H12O6

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Fructose

• Can enter the system through Glycolysis or
  Gluconeogenesis
• Energy is produced via ETC
• Provides Energy that can be utilized for a long
  period of time.
• Initially the body uses fat stores, but for
  increased energy needs for a significant period
  of time, body will utilize carbohydrates (like
  FRUCTOSE)

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Caffeine Chemical Structure

• Chemical Name 3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-puri
  ne-2,6-dione
• Alternate Name methyltheobromine
• Chemical Formula C8H10N4O2

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Caffeine

• Caffeine has a negative correlation to Adenosine
• Vasoconstriction
• Increased Neural Firing
• Release of epinephrine

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Why caffeine and sugar arent a good combination.
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Stimulant in Chocolate

• Many people think that chocolate is a source of
  caffeine, while this is true, theobromine is
  actually the natural ingredient that acts as a
  stimulant.
• Chocolate contains 7 times more theobromine than
  caffeine.

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Theobroma Cacao

• Over half of the worlds supply of commercial
  Cacao comes from two East African countries
  Ivory coast (41) and Ghana (13)

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Cacao beans

• The cacao tree is covered with fruit (pods),
  within these pods are the cacao beans. One pod
  can grow up to a foot in length, and can contain
  30-50 beans.

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Is White Chocolate Actually Chocolate?

• White chocolate is primarily cocoa butter sugar,
  milk and vanilla.
• The FDA does not classify it as chocolate because
  it does not contain any of the cocoa solids from
  the chocolate liquor.

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Chemical Structure of Theobromine

• Structure is similar to caffeine
• In caffeine the H is replaced by a methyl group

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Amounts of Theobromine

• The darker chocolates contain more cacao
• Unsweetened chocolate - 390 mg/oz
• Semisweet chocolate - 150 mg/oz
• Milk chocolate - 44 mg/oz

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Effects of Theobromine

• Similar to caffeine in how it reacts with the
  body but does not affect the central nervous
  system
• Effects are mild in comparison, has only
  one-tenth the stimulant effect of caffeine

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Drug Uses

• Theobromine is a mild diuretic and can be used to
  treat patients who have experienced cardiac
  failure
• Dilates blood vessels and can be used to treat
  people with high blood pressure
• Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi similar to
  theophylline which is effective in treating
  bronchial asthma

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Chocolates Toxicity

• Chocolate is toxic to dogs because they are not
  able to metabolize theobromine efficiently
• In humans, 50 of theobromine can be found in the
  bloodstream after 6-10 hours of ingestion
• In dogs, half of the theobromine can still be
  present up to 20 hours after ingestion.
• To find specific amounts of theobromine toxic to
  dogs of a certain weight http//www.talktothevet.
  com/ARTICLES/DOGS/chocolatetoxic.HTM

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Active Learning

• What is the natural substance found in turkey
  that aids in sleeping?

• Hint It is one of the 8 essential amino acids!

TRYPTOPHAN
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Tryptophan

• Essential amino acid
• Normal part of the diet that humans must get from
  outside sources
• Found naturally in food
• Component of many plant and animal proteins

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Tryptophan

• Helps in production of niacin (one of the B
  vitamins)
• Converts to 5-hydroxy-tryptophan (5-HTP) in the
  brain, which is then converted to serotonin
• Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates
  appetite, sleep, mood and pain levels
• Common foods that contain Tryptophan

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More about Tryptophan

• People believed that taking more Tryptophan would
  increase the production of serotonin in the body,
  which would make one feel more calm and want a
  nap, or help with insomnia
• This conclusion started the trend of taking
  Tryptophan dietary supplements in the 1980s
• However, the FDA banned these supplements in 1990
  because of an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia

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Eosinophilia-Myalgia

• 5,000 people got sick and 27 died
• The outbreak was caused by a contaminated batch
  of the supplement made by a Japanese company
• The FDA reasons that it is still unclear whether
  manufacturers can make a non-toxic product
• L-tryptophan is still available by prescription
  in Canada

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5-HTP

• Supplements available in the 5-HTP form
• Studies comparing 5-HTP with prescription drugs
  have found that they are equally effective

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Final Thoughts about Tryptophan

• Does not act on the brain unless taken on an
  empty stomach with no protein present
• Therefore, it is not the turkey alone that makes
  you sleepy after Thanksgiving dinnerits the
  combination of drinking alcohol and overeating!
• A way to take advantage
• Happy Turkey Day!

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Chamomile

• Multi-purpose Pharmaceutical
• For the Ages

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History

• Used by Egyptians as cures and offerings to gods
• Greeks named it for its scent of certain apples-
  Kamai-melon, ground apple
• Hippocrates found it helpful for congestion and
  dysmenorrhea

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Two Types of Chamomile

• Roman- native in southwestern and northwestern
  Europe, also scattered around the Mediterranean
• German- originally native to southeastern and
  southern Europe, now most widely distributed

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Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Action

• .24 to 1.9 volatile oil
• Oil is 50/50 alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene
• Important flavonoids found include apigenin,
  luteolin, and quercetin
• All of these show anti-inflammatory properties
  and inhibitor effects on certain malignant cell
  proliferation in vitro

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Medicinal uses of Chamomile

• Each component has a specific action, but it is
  the combination of components that gives the
  holistic effects

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Effects

• Sedative
• Anticoagulant
• Antispasmodic
• Anxiolytic
• Antibacterial

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Side Effects

• Can cause skin irritation, allergic
  conjunctivitis, and/or severe allergic reactions
• Long-term consumption may have cumulative effects
  
• Drug interactions

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Links

• www.pubmed.com
• http//www.xocoatl.org/caffeine.htmeffect
• http//chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/aa090301
  a.htm
• http//www.erowid.org/chemicals/caffeine/
• http//www.thefactsaboutfitness.com/research/fruct
  ri.htm
• http//www.pe2000.com/caffeine.htm
• http//home.howstuffworks.com/caffeine3.htm
• http//www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,634,00.ht
  ml
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