Cold War and Truman

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Cold War and Truman

• APUSH
• McElhaney

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Essay Question

• Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic
  president who skillfully led the American people
  against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.
• Assess the validity of this generalization for
  President Truman's foreign policy from 1945 to
  1953.

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AP Outline

• The United States and the Early Cold War
• Origins of the Cold War
• Truman and containment
• The Cold War in Asia China, Korea, Vietnam,
  Japan
• Diplomatic strategies and policies of the
  Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations
• The Red Scare and McCarthyism
• Impact of the Cold War on American society

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Outline

• Containment in Europe and the Middle East
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin crisis
• NATO
• Revolution in China
• Limited war Korea, MacArthur

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Key Terms

• Teheran Conference
• Yalta Conference
• Potsdam Conference
• Containment
• Iron Curtain, Eastern Bloc, Warsaw Pact
• George Kennan
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan

• Berlin Airlift
• West Germany/East Germany
• National Security Act, 1947
• Central Intelligence Agency
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 (NATO)
• Japan-Role in Cold War
• Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
• Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
• NSC-68
• Dean Acheson

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Stalin and Roosevelt

• Roosevelt is often criticized for making bad
  choices and giving in to Stalin at the Yalta
  Conference.
• Why is FDR criticized and is this justified?
  Explain

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Origins of the Cold War

• Cold War- a term that refers to the international
  rivalry between Communist states and Capitalist
  states
• Mainly between United States, Great Britain and
  Western European countries
• Verses
• Soviet Union- Eastern European Satellite states,
  Later China, Korea, Cuba, Vietnam

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Over View of Cold War

• After WWII the US will confront Communist
  expansion all over the world.
• Conflict will last 50 years and ends peacefully
  with Reagan and Bush (41) in 1991, when the
  Soviet Union disintegrated.
• Each President will deal with Cold War Issues as
  the focus of Foreign Policy.

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Presidents and the Cold War

• Truman-(1945-1953)
• Containment Policy
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift
• NATO
• Korean War
• Firing of MacArthur
• H-Bomb
• Eisenhower- (1953-1961)
• Korean War peace
• Guatemala
• Cuban Revolution
• Vietnam support
• Arms Race/Space Race
• Kennedy (1961-1963)
• Vietnam escalation (Military advisors and
  equipment sent)
• Cuban Missile Crisis (the closest the US will
  come to Nuclear War)
• Johnson (1963-1969)

• Ford (1974-1977)
• Carter (1977-1981)
• Russians invade Afghanistan
• Aides Mujhadeen fighting Russians
• Communists take over in Nicaragua
• Reagan (1981-1989)
• Focuses American in building Star Wars
  anti-missile program and defense spending to
  counter Soviets
• Causes Soviet economy to suffer-
• Gorbachev begins Perestroika- opens frustrations
  created by Communist economy and peaceful
  revolution is begun
• Bush (41) (1989-1993)
• 1991 the Soviet Union is ended and chain reaction
  reverberates across Europe (Essentially communism
  and extreme socialism as an economic system is
  proven ineffective)
• Nationalism takes over in formerly communist
  controlled regions of Europe

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Trends in American Cold War Foreign Policy

• American government will confront communism were
  ever it attempts to spread using
• Covert Action CIA- influence elections
• Money Marshall Plan, later loans and economic
  aid
• Military Equipment, supplies, training, and
  direct military involvement
• Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, South Korea,
• American government will support countries,
  governments, dictators, and even drug dealers,
  in an effort to stop the spread of communism.

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• Post WWII 1945-53
• Area of Conflict Eastern Europe, Germany, China,
  Korea, later Vietnam, Cuba

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Roosevelts Post War World

• Wanted Russian help with fighting the Japanese
• Japan had 1 million soldiers in China
• Was sympathetic to Russian suffering in two wars
  with Germany
• Understood that Russians had a millions of
  soldiers in Eastern Europe
• Wanted to create a post war world of order and
  stability
• Wanted to prevent War
• Expand Self determination
• Wanted to support economic development-

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Churchill Wanted

• Maintain the British Empire
• Limit Soviet power in Europe

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Stalin Wanted

• Protect the Soviet Union from Attack
• Establish a buffer zone and Satellite states
  friendly to Soviet interests
• Weaken Germany to prevent any further wars

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Tehran Conference

• Big Three discuss what to do with Germany
• Stalin wanted to eliminate Germany as a threat
• To partition Germany-
• Churchill wanted to use Germany to counter the
  Russians-
• Roosevelt was more lenient to the needs of Stalin
• Stalin promised to help fight Japan- after
  Germany surrendered

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Teheran Economic Development Plans

• International Monetary Fund
• Fund used to stabilize currency
• International Bank for Reconstruction- later
  known as the World Bank
• Plan to lend money to countries
• Help revive trade

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Yalta Conference Feb 1945

• Roosevelt is about to die
• Soviets were marching into Germany
• Red Army was occupying most of Eastern Europe
• Further planned for Post War Europe
• Russians establish communist governments wherever
  they had control
• Poland example- Lublin Government- basically
  ignored the Polish Government in exile in London
• Churchill and Roosevelt wanted free elections

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Stalin Agreed at Yalta

• To Declare war on Japan after Germany surrendered
  within 2-3 months
• Partition of Germany into 4 Zones- Russian, US,
  British, and French
• In Exchange for
• Influence in Manchuria
• Return of land lost in Russo-Japanese War (1904)

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Why does Roosevelt give in to Stalins Post War
plans?

• Germany had invaded Russia twice, killed millions
  of Russians- Roosevelt was sympathetic to
  Stalins idea of Sphere of Influence/Buffer
  States
• Roosevelt wanted help from Russians with the
  Fight against Japan (Russia didnt declare war on
  Japan until 2 days before war was over)
• Buffer Zone will later turn into the Communist
  Block or Warsaw Pact- The instillation of
  communist controlled governments along the
  Western border of Russia
• East Germany, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia,
  Romania, Bulgaria
• Later known as the Iron Curtain phrase was coined
  by Churchill at
• Stalin broke promises
• We cant do business with Stalin. He has broken
  everyone of the promises he made at Yalta. FDR

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• http//users.erols.com/mwhite28/post-ww2.htm

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Potsdam Conference July 1945

• Big 3 at Potsdam Truman, Churchill, Stalin met in
  a suburb of Berlin for the Potsdam Conference
  July 17-Aug. 2
• Settled the German reparation question- Soviets
  would get assets in the East
• Nazi leaders to be tried as war criminals at
  Nuremberg
• Korea to be divided
• Truman found out Trinity test of A-Bomb worked,
  causes a tougher line with the Russians

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Iron Curtain Speech March 5th, 1946

• The Iron Curtain speech, perhaps more commonly
  known as the Sinews of Peace address, was
  delivered by British Prime Minister Winston
  Churchill on at Westminster College, Fulton,
  Missouri.
• In this speech, Churchill talked about how wrong
  it was that the Russians were occupying European
  countries.
• He spoke of all the terrible things that were
  going on within these countries, and of the
  threats and dangers of Communism.
• Churchill also described an "Iron Curtain" which
  prevented all communication and connection
  between the Soviets and Europe and which hung
  around many European countries.
• From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
  the Continent."

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How does the use of the atomic bomb on Japan fit
into the Cold War?

• The use of the Bomb makes Stalin want speed up
  research and espionage on a Russian Bomb.
• Some believe that the decision to drop the bomb
  was in part a message to Stalin that the US was
  capable and prepared to use it against Russia if
  war broke out again.

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Containment in Europe and the Middle East

• George F. Kennan- American diplomat in Moscow,
  expert on Russian history
• 8000 word telegram- advice on how US should deal
  with Soviet Union and Communism spread
• Stated the Soviet Union was paranoid of Western
  attack
• Suggested Containment strategy- prevent the
  spread of communism
• Communism in Europe would eventually die out!
• Truman and subsequent presidents adopt this view.

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Truman Doctrine 1947

• Secretary of State- Dean Acheson (Strong
  Anti-Communist) suggests to Truman, if Greece
  falls to communism- Turkey and other countries
  will fall
• Truman articulates American Policy in speech to
  joint session of Congress
• Prompted by Communist actions in Greece (Civil
  War) and Turkey
• US policy will aid all countries in the world
  that are suffering from communist subversion
• Primarily economic aid (Marshall Plan) but will
  also include military equipment and training
• Congress will appropriate 400 million
• Policy will be replicated by subsequent
  presidents

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Truman Doctrine

• I believe that it must be the Policy of the
  United States to support free peoples who are
  resisting attempted subjugation by armed
  minorities or by outside pressure.

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Marshall Plan 1947

• George Marshall, Secretary of State for Truman
• Former Chief of Staff for the Army- coordinated
  the American strategy WWII
• Feared further communist popularity in post-war
  Europe (Socialist movements were gaining power
  France, Italy, due to- severe destruction,
  economic declines brought by the war- In bad
  economic circumstances Communism sounds like a
  good idea)
• Proposes a plan to offer Massive Economic Aid to
  European countries to help rebuild economies and
  prevent attractiveness of communism (11 Billion
  in 3yrs)
• Complemented Truman Doctrine

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Berlin Crisis 1948-49

• Part of the settlement at Potsdam
• Germany was to be partitioned 4 administrative
  areas
• Berlin also
• When the US, France, and Britain prepared unite
  the Western portion of Germany and the Western
  portion of Berlin-
• Russians try to force Western powers out of
  Berlin preventing access to the Western portion
  of the city (Blockade)
• Truman responds with Berlin Airlift supplying
  Berlin by air, 13,000 tons of supplies per day,
  airlift lasts 300 days

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West Germany- Federal Republic of Germany (pro
USA)
East Germany- German Democratic Republic (GDR)
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NATO 1949

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Cold War defensive alliance between countries in
  Europe-and the United States
• Europeans invited the United States to take an
  active role in European defense
• An armed attack against one or more of them in
  Europe or North America an attack against all
• In Asia- SEATO- South East Asia Treaty
  Organization

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NATO

• April 4, 1949 as an international organization
  for the political and military defense of the US
  and Canada and the European states of Belgium,
  Denmark, France (which ceased to be a member of
  the military structure of the organization in
  1966), Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg,
  the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.
• An important goal of NATO for more than forty
  years has been defense against the expansionist
  ambitions of Communism, and particularly defense
  against the USSR and the Warsaw Pact until
  their dissolution in 1991.
• Countries entering later are Greece and Turkey
  (1952), the Federal Republic of Germany (1955),
  Spain (1982), Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia
  (1999).

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Soviet Block

• Soviets create an alliance- Communist Block or
  Warsaw Pact countries- defensive alliance
  dominated by Soviets-
• 1955 by Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East
  Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet
  Union.
• The organization was the Soviet bloc's equivalent
  of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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American Cold War Bureaucracy

• Under Truman the apparatus for national security
  expands
• National Security Act- 1947
• Established Air Force as separate military body
• Strategic Air Command-the round-the-clock
  surveillance and bombing preparation
• Department of Defense
• National Security Council- to coordinate between
  State and Defense departments
• Established the Central Intelligence Agency
  (CIA)- will engage in intelligence gathering,
  then covert operations to subvert pro-communist
  governments- used , murder, propaganda to
  influence domestic politics in foreign countries
  (Italy, Greece, Albania, Guatemala,

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Truman and Israel

• 1948- Truman officially recognizes the existence
  and legitimacy of Israel
• Part of Cold War- US wanted influence in Middle
  East

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NSC- 68 Report

• Truman orders a study of National Security after
  Russians detonate A-Bomb
• Results of the study lead to increased military
  preparedness and fear of the International
  Communism

• Study Recommendations
• Intensify intelligence Operations
• US should encourage unrest in Soviet Satellite
  countries
• Increase research and development of military
  capabilities
• Increase military preparedness
• Create a standing army- increase military levels
• Increase military budget

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Revolution in China

• Nationalist-Capitalist
• Chiang Kai Shek
• Supported by Truman
• Corrupt-limited support from Chinese people
• Lose to communists-even with US help
• Evacuate to Formosa or modern Taiwan and set up
  the Republic of China
• Taiwan will remain US ally and US will protect
  its independence through today
• Significance Early victory for communists will
  foster a hard-line reaction from American
  Administration
• Asia will become a battleground for the Cold War

• Communists
• Mao Tse Tung
• Supported by Soviet Union
• Opposition group to Chiang
• Fights for dominance in China
• Very popular with Chinese
• Defeats Chiangs forces
• Will become a strong advocate for the expansion
  of communism in Asia
• Will later support the North Koreans, North
  Vietnamese
• Mao leads the communists till he dies in the
  1970s

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Truman and China

• Truman was criticized for not meeting the
  communist challenge in China
• However, the US would have had to send troops and
  massive aid to Chiang in order to delay the
  inevitable. Chiang had no chance of winning the
  Civil War- Mao was too popular.
• Truman and Eisenhower vow to protect Republic of
  China on the island of Tawain (Formosa)