Evolution of Plants 3.5 billion years ago = bacteria

1
The Plant Kingdom

• Chapter 1

2
Evolution of Plants

• 3.5 billion years ago bacteria blue/green
  algae.
• 1 billion years ago green algae
• 600 million years ago 02 could support life.
• 400 million years ago land plants.
• 350 million years ago seed plants.

3
Geographical Distribution

• All over the earth with few limiting factors
  which are
• Climate
• Water
• Temperature

4
Roles of Plants

• Photosynthetic Process
• Autotrophs
• C02 and H20
• Sunlight Chlorophyll
• Glucose, O2, H20
• Energy Capture

5
Food (Edible Plants)

• What parts of a plant do we eat?
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Flowers
• Seeds (Cereal Grains)
• Fruits
• Tubers

6
Edible Plants

• Sugar
• Angiosperms
• Largest amount of plants we eat come from this
  classification.

7
Industrial Uses

• Wood
• Houses, furniture, turpentine
• Fibers
• Cotton, flax, hemp,
• Oils
• Soybean, coconut, cottonseed,..
• Rubber

8
Medicinal Uses

• Health benefits
• Most pharmaceuticals
• Antibiotics

9
Other Uses

• Fossil Fuels
• Prehistoric Plants-captured solar energy
• Oil and Gas
• Buried Plant material that has undergone chemical
  changes

10
Animal vs- Plant Kingdoms

• Mobile
• Need to feed themselves
• Lack a cell wall of cellulose (flaccid)
• Cellulose not synthesized
• Growth is limited

• Generally not mobile
• Contain chlorophyll to make own food
• Cell walls made of cellulose
• Cellulose synthesized by cells
• Growth is unlimited

11
Kingdom Plantae

• 500,000 kinds of plants exist.
• Many dont fit well.
• Recent trends based on evolutionary origins
  Relationship.
• Monera the bacteria blue green algae.
• Protista all other algae the protozoans.
• Mycota, fungi such as mushrooms molds
• Plantae mosses, ferns, seed plants
  several minor groups.

12
Taxonomy

• Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) started to record
  names.
• Used Common Names.
• Cause confusion

13
Plant Classification

• There must be a systematic method to evaluate the
  species of the planet consistently. There are
  many ways.
• Nomenclature is the system of assigning names.

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Nomenclature

• Scientific communities use Latin,Greek, and
  Arabic to name
• Names are use to signify origins or
  characteristics
• For example names for leaves are phylla, follia,
  phyllon, folius
• Prefixes are also used micro-small macro-large
• Microphylla, Magnolia grandiflora

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Classification

• Carl von Linne is the creator of the
  classification system by the publication of
  Hortus in 1732
• Binomial Two names the Genus and the species.
  Genus always capitalized and species lower case
  and both should be italicized.

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How to Classify Plants

• Phylogenetic How they look
• Environmental where they grow (climate regions)
• Agricultural What use they are grown for
• Natural/morpholigal how their structures
  compares

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Artificial Classification Systems

• Climatic
• Agricultural

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Botanical Systems

• Structure of the plants

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Example of a complete classification of an Onion
plant.

• Kingdom Plantae
• Division Anthophyta
• Class Monocotyledonae
• Order Liliales
• Family Amaryllidaceae
• Genus Allium
• Species Allium cepa L

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Divisions or phylla

• Thallophyta - algae, and fungi no tissue
  differentiation.
• Bryophyta green plants w/o true roots or
  flowers. Mosses liverworts
• Pteridophyta - green plants with vascular system,
  true roots, usually distinct leaves stems but
  no true flowers or seeds, has spores
• Spermatophyta plants with true flowers
  producing seeds.

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Further Separation

• Spermatophyta-further divided gymnosperms
  angiosperms
• Gymnospermae naked seed (in cones)
• Angiospermae seed protected
• Subclasses-Angiosperms Mono dicotyledons

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Class

• Monocotyledoneae one cotyledon, generally
  parallel veins, flower parts in 3s 6s.
• Dicotyledoneae two cotyledon, net-veined
  leaves, flower parts
• in 4s 5s or multiples of 4s
• 5s

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Lower Subdivisions

• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Form
• Variety/Cultivar/Clone

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Sub specific Categories

• Botanical Variety-different from wild hence var..
• Cultivar-little genetic variation cv
• Hybrid-crossbreeding use an x
• Family-closely related genera nightshade,
  sunflower

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New Taxonomic Tools

• Chemical analysis composition of the plant
• Protein analysis
• DNA analysis genetic finger printing.