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Affective Computing

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Affective Computing Lecture 5: Dr. Mark Brosnan 2 South: M.J.Brosnan_at_bath.ac.uk Picard (1997) Affective Computing: Computing that relates to, arises from, or ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Affective Computing


1
Affective Computing
  • Lecture 5
  • Dr. Mark Brosnan
  • 2 South M.J.Brosnan_at_bath.ac.uk

2
Picard (1997)
  • Affective Computing Computing that relates to,
    arises from, or deliberately influences emotions
    (p.3)
  • Recognise emotions
  • Express emotions
  • Have emotions

3
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4
Is Mr. Spock intelligent?
  • Spock is only rational
  • Descartes Error (Damasio, 1994)
  • Elliot searches unlimited search space to make a
    rational decision
  • Missing somatic markers that associate feelings
    with decisions

5
Artificial Intelligence?
  • AI is like Elliot
  • Turing Test (1950 French 2000)
  • Jabberwacky.com
  • Emotion is required for artificial intelligence
    (Hofstadter, 1981)
  • Emotional Intelligence?

6
Affective communication
  • Social rules extended to computers
  • Media Equation (Reeves and Nass, 1996)
  • Anthropomorphism
  • Mechanomorphism

7
Recognise Emotions
  • Vision to recognise facial expression
  • Multimodal
  • GSR polygraph
  • Which emotion happiness, guilt
  • Emotional Turing test
  • Person dependent
  • Person independent

8
Criteria for recognition
  • Input
  • Pattern recognition
  • Reasoning
  • Learning
  • Bias
  • Output

9
Express emotions
  • Kismet (Breazeal and Scassellati, 2002)
  • Emotional expression for communication and social
    co-ordination
  • Emotion for organisation of behaviour (action
    selection, attention and learning)
  • Arbib and Fellous (2004)

10
http//www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-g
roup/ kismet/kismet.html
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14
  • More effective expression than humans
  • Human expression identified 50 of the time
  • Computer expression identified 70 of the time
  • (Elliott, 1997)
  • Computers having non-human emotion?

15
Criteria for expression
  • Input
  • Intentional vs. spontaneous pathways
  • Feedback
  • Bias exclusion
  • Social display rules
  • Output

16
Have emotions
  • Can machines feel?
  • How would we know?

17
Criteria for having emotions
  • System has behaviour that appears to arise from
    emotions
  • System has fast primary emotional responses to
    certain inputs
  • System can cognitively generate emotions
  • System can have emotional experience
  • Systems emotions interact with other processes
    (e.g. memory)

18
Do computers need bodies to have emotions?
  • Robot emotions? Arbib (2005)
  • Recognition of own emotion
  • Recognition of other computers emotions
  • Consciousness?
  • Real or simulation?
  • Sci Fi 2001!

19
Design questions
  • 1. Should computers be allowed to keep their
    emotions from their designers?
  • 2. Should what is considered good and bad be
    hard-wired or learned?
  • 3. Should a computers mood be affected by others
    moods?
  • 4. Do computers need negative emotions, anger,
    fear, misery?

20
Interacting with Computers
  • Special Issue (2002, 14(2))
  • Affective Computing

21
Scheirer et al. (2002)
  • Frustration
  • Slow computer game
  • Mouse clicking behaviour

22
Klein and Picard (2002)
  • This computer responds to user frustration
  • Affect-support agent
  • Text and buttons in a GUI
  • Demonstrate empathy to support user
  • Control 1 Emotions ignored
  • Control 2 Vent frustration

23
Experiment
  • Game 1
  • Agent intervention
  • Game 2
  • Affect support agent lead to greater involvement
    in longer play with Game 2

24
Picard and Klein (2002)
  • Emotion skill needs
  • Emotional self awareness
  • Manage emotions
  • Self-motivate
  • Affect perception
  • Empathy
  • Experiential emotional needs

25
Hone (2006)
  • Empathetic agents more effective
  • Embodied
  • Female embodied agents more effective

26
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27
Tractinsky (2004)
  • Affective HCI is difficult to study
  • Affective HCI is hard to do
  • Design interactive technologies that help users
    help themselves

28
Muller (2004)
  • 2 Criticisms
  • Computers Are Social Actors (CASA)?
  • Other technologies are anthropomorphised too
    (boats, cars, toys etc)
  • Need to better understand emotions

29
Artefact
  • Potential course work idea is to analyse the
    affective nature of a piece of technology
  • Or to investigate agent mediation of affective
    states
  • Or evaluate the impact of emoticons
  • Frustrate users and see what happens!

30
References
  • Journals
  • Interacting with Computers
  • Trends in Cognitive Sciences
  • Both available on line
  • Book
  • Picard, R. (1997) Affective Computing. MIT Press.

31
In Future
  • Develop an understanding of anxiety, specifically
    computer-related anxiety
  • Develop an understanding of emotion and the
    neuropsychology of HCI
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