Memory

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Memory

• The stories we tell...

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Cognitive Perspective

• Language
• Intelligence
• Thinking and Reasoning
• Memory

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Types of Memories

• Explicit/Declarative
• semantic facts, knowledge
• episodic autobiographical events
• Implicit
• procedural the how tos

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Memory The persistence of learning over time.
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
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Memory Construction

• Recall is not an exact replica of original events
• Recall is a construction built and rebuilt from
  various sources
• We often fit memories into existing beliefs
• Schemas provide a framework for new information

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Word List

• BED
• CLOCK
• DREAM
• NIGHT
• TURN
• MATTRESS
• SNOOZE
• NOD
• TIRED
• NIGHT
• BLANKET

• ARTICHOKE
• INSOMNIA
• REST
• TOSS
• NIGHT
• ALARM
• NAP
• SNORE
• PILLOW

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Enhancing Remembering

• Serial Position Effect
• primacy
• recency
• Repetition
• Distinctiveness
• Organization
• Mnemonics

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Enhancing Remembering

• Mass vs. Spaced Practice
• Automatic vs. Effortful Processing

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Automatic Processing
B
C
A
E
F
D
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Encoding Specificity

• Context dependence Scuba Diver study

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Encoding Specificity

• State dependence
• arousal level, altered states of consciousness
• Mood congruence
• effects of depression on memory and perception

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Flashbulb Memories

• Video-like memory, vivid and detailed
• Usually highly emotional, shocking
• Example September 11
• How accurate are they?

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Flashbulb Memories

• Neisser and Harsch (1992) Challenger disaster
• 1 day later vs. 3 years later

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Eyewitness Testimony

• Eyewitness testimony is influential in court
• Eyewitness confidence is related to juror
  conviction
• How accurate is eyewitness memory for an event?

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Leading Questions

• Loftus and Palmer (1974) Subjects shown video of
  an accident between two cars
• How fast were the cars going when they hit each
  other?

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Results

• hit 34.0 mph
• contacted 31.8 mph
• bumped 38.1 mph
• collided 39.3 mph
• smashed 40.8 mph

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The Misinformation Effect

• Witness event
• Receive incorrect post-event information
• Asked to recall event, recall incorrect
  information

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The Misinformation Effect

• Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978)
• Slideshow depicting car accident
• Car stopped at stop sign
• Asked What was the color of the car stopped at
  the yield sign?

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The Misinformation Effect

• Forced-Choice Recognition Test
• Which slide did you see?

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Other Eyewitness Factors

• Race Identification
• Witness Expectations/Perceptions
• Duration of Event
• Emotional Arousal
• Transference
• mug shots and lineups