Mobility Reference Model and Waveform Networking

1

• Mobility Reference Model and Waveform Networking
• for Transformational Wireless Tactical Networks

By Ralph Martinez, PhD Chief Scientist BAE
SYSTEMS, CNIR Communications Information
Systems Reston, VA 20190 Ralph.martinez_at_baesystems
.com 16 June 2005
2
Topics

• Transformation towards Network Centric Operations
  Warfare (NCOW)
• Current performance requirements for NCOW
  wireless tactical networks, (Joint Tactical Radio
  System) JTRS Clusters
• Applying the ISO Reference Model to wireless
  tactical networks will not meet the performance
  requirements
• Mobility Reference Model (MRM) for wireless
  tactical networks
• Need to change our design methodology paradigm
• Summary
• Discussion

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Transformation Towards Network Centric Operations
Warfare (NCOW) Our Workspace Systems of Systems
4
Objective GoalInteroperability of GIG-BE and
Systems of Systems

• Satellite Network Segment
• Airborne Network Segment
• UAV Network Segment
• Ground Network Segment
• Maritime Network Segment
• Unmanned Ground Network Sensors

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CIS Business Core CompetenciesReston, VA

• CIS Systems Architecture Design Development
• Virtual Engineering thru Modeling and Simulation
• CIS Systems Integration Engineering of Large
  Scale Systems of Systems
• Requirements analysis/development and Operational
  understanding/insight
• CIS Advanced Networking, Network Management,
  Security, Mobility, and Network Services
• CIS Systems Program Management

6
CNIRs Integrated Modeling SimulationVisualizat
ion and Analysis (MSVA)
Utilizes an integrated modeling, simulation, and
3D visualization environment that combines
detailed analytical communications simulation
capability with an operational simulation
capability
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Current performance requirements for NCOW
wireless tactical networks(Joint Tactical Radio
System) JTRS Clusters

• Functional Description Documents (FDD) for USAF
  Airborne WNW Network (AMF JTRS),
  Capabilities-based Requirements (per AF Memo 9
  Sept 03, S. Goldstein) for the following
• Small Tactical Aircraft Support Performance
  Requirements
• Number of platforms (2 to 200)
• Maximum Range (300 miles)
• Network Join Time lt 5 s
• Low latency lt2ms _at_100nm, 6ms _at_ 200nm, 30ms _at_
  300nm
• Total Network Throughput 10Mb/s
• Individual user throughput 2Mb/s _at_100nm
• Single platform rate 2Mb/s_at_100nm, 500kb/s_at_200nm,
  220kb/s_at_300nm
• Able to handle A-A and A-weapon communications
  (lt4800knots)
• Full duplex (simultaneous Tx and Rx)
• JTRS Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) applies
  to Cluster 1 and AMF
• Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW) applies to Cluster 5

8
Current DoD GIG QoS/CoS Working Group -
End-to-End Model for IA/QoS Latency
FIXED
TACTICAL
WAN
Wireless Tactical Network
End-to-End GIG

• The solution must apply to all elements of the
  GIG (post / camp / station, WAN, tactical /
  deployed)
• Standards-based
• Easily implemented and managed
• Secure
• Minimize complexity
• Scalable, Adaptable and Dynamic
• Multiple network domains
• Each application session may require different
  QoS or CoS metrics, based on that applications
  end-to-end connectivity
• Fixed-to-fixed
• Fixed-to-tactical
• Tactical-to-tactical

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HAIPE Messaging Over Black Network Using WNW
Protocol Stack Increases Latency
100.1.4.1
100.1.1.1
100.1.1.2
100.1.4.2
Red IP (Secret)
Red IP (Secret)
100.1.3.1
100.1.2.1
HAIPE
HAIPE
CSS
CSS
200.1.1.1
200.1.4.1
Black IP
Black IP
200.1.3.1
200.1.2.1
Architecture adds 60-107 bytes of overhead per IP
packet
This IP to subnet interface is still under
consideration
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Low Latency Throughput in Multiple Network
Domains with QoS and Information Assurance
Platform LAN
GIG-BE
JAN-TE Network
NM
Applications
Applications
Applications
Applications
Application
Application
NM
IP Routing
NM
IP Routing
IP Routing
Apps
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Transport
Black IP
Black IP
Black IP
IP
Black IP
IP
Red IP
Red IP
Red IP
JAN-TE Subnet
JAN-TE JAN-TE Subnet Subnet
JAN-TE Subnet
IEEE 802.2
JAN-TE Subnet
802.2
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.2
SiS
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3
SiS
SiS
802.3
SiS SiS
Platform LAN
JAN-TE SiS
JAN-TE SiS
JAN-TE SiS
Platform LAN
Black Network
HAIPEized Message
COTS based Heterogeneous Networking Core
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Current JTRS communications use gateways within
network segments
12
GIG GIG-BE Touches JTRS Mobility Networks
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Assertion Applying the ISO Reference Model to
wireless tactical networks will not meet the
performance requirements

• How did we get to this situation?
• Why the OSI Reference Model was developed in 1980
• System, network, and telecommunications Reference
  Model since 1980
• Why the current OSI Reference Model will not work
  for wireless tactical networks
• TCP/IP performance shortcomings
• IEEE 802.11b performance
• JTRS WNW protocol stack is overhead heavy
• Software Communications Architecture (SCA) is the
  core framework in the JTRS radio node, its
  performance is largely unknown

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How Did We Get Into This Situation?

• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
  Model developed in the era of point-to-point
  telecommunications systems
• 7 Layer OSI Reference Model originally developed
  by the ISO in 1980-1982 and adopted by the ITU in
  1983 X.200 Recommendations
• OSI Reference Model has guided the development
  of telecommunications and networking systems for
  the last 25 years
• Defined generic layered functionality in order
  to allow products from different vendors to
  interoperate and to allow developers a common set
  of layer interfaces
• Adaptations to internetworking, QoS, network
  management, security services, and applications
• No consideration for node mobility

15
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Networking
Environment Circa 1980
16
Other Reference Models - DoD and ATM Reference
Models
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Middleware Protocol Reference Model - OMG
E-Mail
DBMS
WWW
Application Users
Middleware Protocols
CORBA Middleware Protocols
CORBA Security Services
TCP/IP
Transport Network Protocols
Any Network
LANs, WANs, MANs, Wireless, 100/10 BaseT, GigE,
802.11/xx, Satellite, Photonics, FSO
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OSI, DoD, and SARM Reference Models
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Why the OSI Reference Will Not Work for Mobility
Architectures and Networks

• Replication of functionality (error checking,
  retransmissions, security)
• No concept of mobility and link availability in
  RF networks lower than wireline networks
• RF environmental propagation and co-site
  interference is significant, RF channel is
  unreliable
• Performance limitations for QoS and IA for
  Real-Time Targeting over 4-7 protocol layers
• No provision for cross-layer operations for QoS,
  network aware applications, or spectrum awareness
• TCP/IP increased functionality and support
  protocols solve after-thought problems
• JTRS Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW) and
  protocol stack are too heavy for mobility
  networks.

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IP and TCP Overhead(DARPA P. Marshall)
TX receives ACK msg and sends its own ACK msg
TX sends close connection message
TX receives ACK message
TX receives msg and sends ACK
TX sends msg requesting connection
Data Transfer
ACK
RX closes connection and sends msg
RX receives ACK msg
RX receives ACK msg
RX returns ACK message
RX returns message with ACK
Establishing TCP Connection
Closing TCP Connection
Payload 80 Bits Total Sent 2,272
Bits Transmissions 7 Effective 3.5
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802.11b Overhead (DARPA P. Marshall)
IP Header (no options)
Bit 0
63
127
159
447
IP
DATA
MAC
PHY
With No RTS/CTS (Short Header) Payload 80
Bits TCP Used 2,272 Bits 802.11 Sent 6,640
Bits Effective 1.2 Transmissions 14
With RTS/CTS Payload 80 Bits TCP Used 2,272
Bits 802.11 Sent 12,480 Bits
Effective 0.65 Transmissions 28
22

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Software Communications Architecture (SCA) with
Red/Black separation is a performance unknown in
JTRS nodes
Ref JTRS Cluster I Software Communications
Architecture, 2002
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Need to Research New JTRS System and Network
Architectures

• New architectures means redefining the
  architecture of the radio
• Need to define a new design paradigm, called
  Waveform Networking, that addresses the
  deficiencies with current architectures
• To achieve performance and functionality, a new
  component-based Mobility Reference Model is
  developed
• To achieve future cognitive and adaptive JTRS
  architectures the radio node functionality needs
  to be redefined
• Current JTRS System, Network, and Radio
  Architectures cannot meet the current
  requirements

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Networks of Gateways in System Architecture
Level 1 and 2 networks Of gateways
provide Interoperability with legacy Systems
Clusters
Cluster radios Legacy systems
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JTRS Routing Architectures are changing

• JTRS Clusters are heading to new architectures,
  but the radio node functionality is not robust
  for cognitive functions
• Describes different JTRS network configurations
• Addresses interface issues
• Architectures
• Stub Network
• Transit Network
• Multiple Gateway Transit Network
• Internal Routing Architecture
• Dual homed to network domains
• Need new functionality in the JTRS Radio

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Traditional Software Radio Architecture

• Superheterodyne design - still popular and widely
  used today since 1930s.
• Comprised of 3 stages Radio Frequency stage,
  Immediate frequency (IF) stage, and Baseband
  stage.
• The diagram shows a 2-stage analog
  superheterodyne radio

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Opticalizing the SDR Pipeline Control It
Software Defined Radio Architecture
SDR Baseline Architecture
Software
Data Network I/F
Hardware
Defined
Defined
subsystem
Voice Network I/F
subsystem
(IF Baseband
(RF Front End)
Multi-antenna arrays,
Processing)
Directional antennas,
Beam steering,
Smart antenna, etc.
Integrated Opto-RF SDR Architecture
Software Defined
Hardware Defined
Optical
subsystem
subsystem
Opto-RF
Switching
Processing
Software Defined
Hardware Defined
Interface
(ADC/DAC, Up/
subsystem
subsystem
(Forwarding
Down
Plane)
Conversion)
Software Defined
Hardware Defined
subsystem
subsystem
Management Control Plane
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Component-based SDR Architecture for JTRS
Generation-II Radio Nodes
Management
Management
Control Plane
Control Plane
Control Plane
Control Plane
Management Control Plane
Management Control Plane
Switching
Switching
Matrix
Matrix
Antenna
Antenna
Legend
Legend
Control Connection
Control Connection
Free Space Optics
Free Space Optics
Data Connection
Data Connection
Software interface
Software interface
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Switch-Centric Component-based ArchitectureInterf
aces to SCA
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Improvements Using G-II Radio Nodes
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Key Elements of the New JTRS Architecture CIJA
Generation II (G-II) Radio Nodes

• Configurable Interoperable JTRS Architectures
  (CIJA)
• Using JTRS G-II radio nodes with new
  functionality
• Mobility Reference Model (MRM) Component-based
  implementation of radio architectures that
  instantiates objects into message threads based
  on application message requirements
• Integrated Management Plane (IMP) Provides the
  out of band management and control plane for the
  CIJA and G-II nodes
• G-II radio node architecture is optical
  switch-based to allow connectivity to software
  and hardware components in the CIJA
• New suite of routing protocols that include base
  station and mobility architecture and wireless
  OSPF extensions
• Spectrum-aware RF functions and Network-aware
  applications both communication through the IMP
• Opticalized components in the component-based
  architectures

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Key Feature is the Mobility Reference Model (MRM)
SDR Components Implemented in Blades
Optical Switching Router
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Example of MRM thread in CIJA
Need a management control plane to coordinate
the components switch
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Integrated Management Plane (IMP) in theMRM for
CIJA
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Network Aware Applications

• Applications communicate to the Integrated
  Management Plane (IMP) and receive knowledge of
  the network condition
• Application requests the bandwidth/spectrum and
  message delivery requirements to the IMP
• The MRM components are a part of the network and
  hence they should have the ability to adjust
  different parameters to optimize network
  performance
• The awareness mechanism can be used to optimize
  network and device performance simultaneously
• The complexity of the problem increases with the
  number of radio interfaces and devices in the
  network
• The performance of the device depends to a large
  extent on the configuration of the processing
  chains
• An adaptation mechanism is able to detect when
  the chain is underperforming and tune necessary
  parameters

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Spectrum-Aware Functions

• To support the reconfiguration of the dynamic
  chain, the cognitive/adaptive management plane
  must
• Be aware of the available resources and configure
  the switch to construct the chain
• Plan a path that maintains SLA specified QoS
• Generate and use situational awareness
  information from the RF spectrum
• Estimate and monitor the performance of the RF
  spectrum
• Adapt by switching in a compensation element
  along the path if need
• Adapt by tuning various components to maximize
  the performance

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Adaptation Process in the G-II Radio Nodes
BER, Delay, Impairments
Information Base
Gather Raw Data
Link Specifics
Situation Assessment
Trigger Search

• Link State Information
• Q parameter
• BER
• Channel Attenuation
• Channel Impairments
• Load
• Path Information
• End-to-End Delay

Link Specifics, Resource Information
Decision

• Statistical analysis of
• raw data
• Traffic Model
• Determine whether its
• necessary to readjust
• parameters

• Action(s) to be taken
• Hardware
• Path
• Feedback to specific
• functional blocks

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Example of Object Instantiation for Specific
Message Threads
IMP
Network
Aware
Adaptable
Apps
Protocols
Waveforms
Adaptive
UDP
Protocols
Cognitive
Smart
Spectrum
Antenna
Aware
Waveforms
Spectrum
WNW
Legacy Waveforms
802.xx
3G Waveforms
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New Design Paradigm Waveform Networking

• Waveform Networking combines the previously
  separate disciplines of network protocol
  engineering and RF and spectrum engineering

Network Protocol Engineering
RF Spectrum Engineering

• Data Communications
• TCP/IP Networks
• Internetworking
• Network Management
• QoS
• Traffic Engineering
• Congestion Control
• Network Security

• Communication Theory
• Encoding/Modulation
• ADC/DAC
• LPI/LPD
• Up/Down Frequency Conv
• Medium Access Control
• Time Division Multiplexing
• Power Amplifiers

Waveform Networking

• Smart Antennas
• Cognitive Radios
• Adaptive Mobility Protocols
• Network Aware Applications
• Spectrum Aware
• Mobility Reference Model

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Summary Drivers for Mobility Reference Model

• Performance Drivers
• Improve End-to-End Performance and
  Interoperability with Legacy Systems
• Implementation Flexibility
• Technology Drivers
• Component-based Processes established for each
  application thread
• Implement new SDR architectures and JTRS system
  architectures
• Business Case Drivers
• Open standards and interoperable with OSI
  Reference Model networks
• Implementation independence
• NCOIC, OMG, DMTF compliance for NCOW
• Interoperability Drivers
• Compatible with SCA and Interoperable with
  TCP/IP (IPv6)
• Must interoperate with the GIG interface and to
  DoD legacy systems
• Mobility Reference Model across different
  mobility domains

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Summary How do we achieve Waveform Networking?

• Realization that we are applying
  telecommunications and networking concepts that
  are 25 years old
• Performance is a key driver to multimedia
  communications over limited RF spectrum
• The 3G cellular industry has been successful in
  departing from the OSI Reference Model
• Train a new breed of engineer in Waveform
  Networking
• SWaPize the SDR processing functions and pipeline
• University curricula need to respond to the
  Waveform Networking needs in industry