Dale Bradshaw

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Energy Storage, The Key Enabler for the Future
Smarter Grid

• Dale Bradshaw
• CEO Electrivation
• dtbradshaw_at_electrivation.com
• 423-238-4052

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Why is Energy Storage Critical to Improving
Affordability and Reliability

• Shift wind and solar to meet the peak and make
  wind and solar dispatchable.
• Provide demand reduction or avoid need for new
  capacity
• Buy low cost electricity at night and run during
  high cost daily peaks
• Provide for fast (lt4 cycle) backup power for
  hours to improve system reliability
• Delay or avoid the need to build new transmission
  or distribution lines in high cost areas
• Provide frequency regulation and spinning reserve
• Reduce carbon emissions
• Reduce consumption of oil and natural gas

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Typical Wind Farm Output Pattern
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Battery Energy Storage SystemsHistory Review
Golden Valley Electric Association NiCad 27 MW
BESS for 15 minutes for reliability improvement
(3 to 82 outages covered each year)
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Advanced Battery Breakthroughs

• Long Life (defined by number of charge and
  discharge cycles is needed)
• Cycle lifetime of 5,000 to 10,000 cycle is now
  possible
• Charging and discharging daily implies 300 or
  more cycles a year, 9,000 cycles in 30 years
• Costs have decreased by 30 to 50
• 2,000/kW now for 7 hours of storage instead of
  3,500/kW
• Large battery complexes are being built in gt1 Mw
  sizes
• Acceptable efficiency of 70 or more

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Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Battery Attributes
AltairNano Li Ti 1 MW for 15 minutes at 750 to
1050 V
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Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) Attributes-Prudent
Energy
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NAS battery Attributes and RatingsSC Electric
and NGK
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Sodium Sulfur (NAS) Construction
Cells
Modules
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ZnBr Battery AttributesPremium Power Corporation
ZBB
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Basic Zinc-Flow Technology (Plating and
de-plating of Zinc)
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Zinc-Flow Battery Tower Module
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Premium Power Corporation TransFlow 2050-7Zinc
Bromide battery on a trailer 500 kW, 7.4 hours
and 3.8 MW-Hr 1 million
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Why Interest in the Premium Power Corporation
Zinc Bromide Battery?

• Lifetime of more than 10,000 cycles of deep
  charge and discharge
• Lowest cost battery of all the advanced options
  based on CRN due diligence report
• Potentially very low environmental impacts
• PPC ZnBr is UL, FCC, and NFPA certified
• PPC has recently completed the production of its
  first TransFlow 2050-5 (500 kW, 2.8 MWh, 5.6
  hours)
• PPC has production capacity to meet the needs of
  the participating co-ops in this proposal.
• The PPC ZnBr batteries are made in the U.S.
• PPC is well capitalized.
• PPC ZnBr has the potential for fast frequency
  regulation and nearly unlimited cycle life.

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NRECA CRN projects

• Confirmed addition of a TF-2050-7 for Kotzebue
  Electric Association (KEA) in Kotzebue Alaska to
  provide
• Time shift wind to daily peak
• Frequency regulation and spinning reserve
• Arbitrage
• Reduce diesel generator start-ups and OM
• Emergency back-up
• Blackstart
• Improved fossil plant efficiency
• Other possible future projects in Kauai, South
  Carolina, and Floriday

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Possible Value Streams for Energy
Storage(Potential Net Present Values)

• Capacity credit or demand charge reduction
  (500/kW to 2500/kW)
• Arbitrage value (Buy low and sell high ranging
  from 900/kW to 1500/kW)
• Firming and Shifting Renewables (wind and solar)
• Improved thermal plant efficiency
• Reduce CO2 emissions from thermal plants
• Improve Thermal Plant Reliability
• TD capital asset deferral (200/kW to 1300/kW)
• Avoid or delay need for second transformer or
  transformer bank
• Reduced congestion and line losses
• Frequency regulation (1600/kW to 4000/kW)
• Dynamic VAr Support (100/kW)
• Improved service reliability

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Range of Values for 6 hours of Energy Storage
assuming 2 real discount ratelow gas of
3/MBtu, wind energy off-peak, 70 gas on peak,
etc.
ZnBr price for 7.4 hours is about 2500/kW
installed
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Future Trends with Advanced Batteries

• Costs in /kW-hr will drop (mass production) as
  the value for installing batteries will increase
  (increased costs for natural gas and oil, for
  carbon emissions, new capacity, etc.)
• Commercial feasibility of advanced batteries will
  be established in 2010 with large orders possible
  by 2011
• Example of expansion (PPC ZnBr batteries)
• 100 MW-hr capacity in 2008
• 400 MW-hr capacity in 2009
• 1500 MW-hr to 4000 MW-hr in 2010
• GTs with distribution coops should
  examine/evaluate where application of advanced
  batteries can add value and reduce cost of
  electricity and rates.
• Advanced batteries compete with CAES when natural
  gas price exceeds 8/MBtu with CAES at 1,000/kW
  or 3/MBtu at 2,000/kW assuming no carbon tax.
  Currently significant uncertainty in CAES capital
  cost and natural gas prices

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Residential Scale via RedFlows ZnBr at 5 and 10
kW