The Industrial Age

1
The Industrial Age

• By Andrew Kirchner
• Evan Welbon

2
The Industrial Revolution Spreads

• Britain stood alone as a world industrial giant
  in the early part of the revolution.
• In 1807 a British mechanic named William
  Cockerill opened factories in Belgium.
• This caused Belgium to be the first European
  nation outside Britain to industrialize.
• After this, countries with greater natural
  resources borrowed British technology and experts
  to industrialize their nations.
• The first American factory was a textile factory
  in Pawtucket, Rhode island.
• Germany and the united states both thrust
  themselves into industrialization.
• The united states became the world industrial
  leader by 1900.
• Rapid urbanization, job availability, and lower
  priced goods were the effects of this
  industrialization
• To improve efficiency of machines, things like
  interchangeable parts and the assembly line were
  created to ensure simplified assembly and repair.
• During this time period Henry Bessemer developed
  a way to purify iron into steel, Alfred Nobel
  created dynamite, Benjamin Franklin discovered
  electricity, Alessandro Volta created first
  battery, and Thomas Edison created the light
  bulb.
• Transportation also advanced during this period
  with steam ships and railroads.
• Also, the first car was created in 1887 when
  Gottlieb Daimler combined Nikolaus Ottos
  internal combustion engine with his automobile
  and in 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright flew for
  the first time in an airplane of their own
  design.
• Communication advanced when Samuel B. Morse
  developed the telegraph, Alexander graham Bell
  invented the first telephone, and Guglielmo
  Marconi invented the radio.

3
The World Of Cities

• Scientists had to combat disease due to the
  population growth of industrialization.
• In 1870 Louis Pasteur clearly showed the link
  between germs and disease, in the 1880s dr.Robert
  Koch identified the bacteria that causes
  tuberculosis, and in 1914 yellow fever and
  malaria were traced back to microbes from
  mosquitoes.
• Other major medical advance was the introduction
  of anesthesia to relieve pain in 1846 and the
  English surgeon Joseph Lister discovered how
  antiseptics prevent infection.
• City life underwent dramatic changes as cities
  came to dominate the west.
• The basic layout of the city changed as city
  planners built spacious squares and boulevards.
• The rich developed pleasant residential
  neighborhoods on the edge of town while the poor
  crowded into slums in the center of the city in
  walking distance to factories.
• Paved streets, street lamps, police forces, and
  fire departments helped make urban areas safe and
  livable.
• Cities also designed sewer systems because they
  realized that clean water supplies was necessary
  to combat cholera and tuberculosis.
• By the late 1800s steel beams allowed for big
  cities to build skyscrapers.
• City life was still rough for the poor who had to
  live in tenement houses in the slums where whole
  families were confined to a single room.
• Music halls, opera houses, theaters, museums,
  libraries, and sports provided education and
  entertainment for the millions of people
  immigrating to cities.
• Workers tried to improve working conditions and
  did so by joining unions
• These unions along with reformers and working
  class voters pushed governments to pass laws to
  regulate working conditions.
• The standard of living improved after these laws
  were passed.

4
Changing Attitudes and Values

• The Industrial Revolution slowly changed the old
  social order in the western world.Before this
  time there was only the main social classes of
  the nobles and the peasants, but now there was
  the superrich class, a middle class, and a
  worker/peasant class.
• The middle class had evolved its own way of life
  by mid-century.
• Middle class nuclear families usually lived in a
  large house or apartment and had a strict code of
  etiquette that governed social behavior such as
  how to dress for every occasion, when to write
  letters, and how long to mourn a relatives death.
• Parents strictly disciplined children and told
  them to be seen but not heard.
• Even small middle class families were expected to
  have a cook and a housewife.
• In courtship and marriage children had a large
  say in who they married but were still expected
  to go through courting rituals and the husband
  had to convince the father of his bride to be
  that he could support her.
• The division of labor also changed within the
  family circle.
• The women were now expected to stay at home and
  take care of things there where they used to have
  helped in businesses of their husband and family.
• Women who stayed on the work force were paid less
  than men.
• Women and women's rights groups protested the
  restrictions imposed upon women and campaigned
  for fairness in marriage, divorce, and poverty
  laws.
• Cady Stanton and Susanne B. Anthony both crusaded
  for womens rights after doing so for the
  abolishment of slavery.
• The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded that
  women have the right to vote.

5
Continued

• Women won this movement and were able to vote
  before 1900 and other countries later followed in
  their footsteps.
• Reformers convinced governments t set up public
  schools and require all children to be educated
  by the 1800s.
• Teaching the three Rs was thought to make
  better citizens.
• The first elementary schools were primitive but
  their conditions improved as well as the quality
  of education the students received.
• There were also secondary schools that trained
  students for more serious study or governmental
  jobs but only middle class families could afford
  to send them there.
• Universities also expanded in this time period.
• The students that attended these universities
  were from middle and upper class families and
  were primarily male.
• By the 1840s there were a few small womens
  colleges.
• A breakthrough in science occurred in the 1800s
  when John Dalton developed the atomic theory and
  Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped the elements into a
  table that became the basis of the Periodic Table
  of Elements.
• Major events of geology and archaeology include
  Charles Lyell claiming that the Earth had formed
  over millions of years and the discovery of
  fossilized prehistoric human remains in Germany.
• In 1859 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of
  Species that included his Theory of Natural
  Selection. This caused an uproar among
  theologists.
• Despite all of these scientific conclusions,
  Christianity still played a major role in western
  society.

6
A New Culture

• Many artists and writers strayed from the
  industrial life and instead focused on the
  natural world in the 1800s.
• A movement called romanticism shaped the western
  world from 1750 to 1850.
• Romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled
  against the enlightenment emphasis on reason and
  used new verse forms, bold colors, or swelling
  sounds to excite emotion.
• Romantic writers created a new kind of hero that
  often hid a guilty secret and faced a grim
  destiny.
• Many writers mixed history, legend, and folklore
  with romantic drama in their writing.
• Romantic painters painted anything from simple
  peasant life to medieval knights to current
  events but used bold brush strokes and bright
  colors.
• Romantic composers sought to make the audience
  laugh or weep solely with their music.
• The orchestra as we know it took shape in the
  early 1800s.
• The composer named Beethoven lived from 1770
  to1827.
• Beethoven felt he had much in common with
  Napoleon Bonaparte and even wrote his symphany
  called Eroica about him
• When Beethoven died he had produced nine
  symphonies, an opera, and dozens of shorter
  pieces.
• A new artistic movement took place in the mid
  1800s called realism.
• It was designed to show how the world really was
  without the sentiment associated with
  romanticism.
• Realists often look at the harsher side of life.
• Realist writers such as Charles Dickens vividly
  described the lives of slum dwellers and actory
  workers.

7
Continued

• Other realistic writers include Victor Hugo,
  Emile Zola, and Henrik Ibsen.
• Romantic painters focused on ordinary subjects
  such as working class men and women.
• Women writers such as Charlotte Brontë, Emily
  Brontë, Aurore Dupin Dudevant, Harriet Beecher
  Stowe,and Kate Chopin were part of the growing
  number of women to get their work published in
  the mid 1800s.
• The art form of photography started emerging in
  the 1840s.
• The art movement known as impressionism was
  formed to compete with photography.
• Impressionist painters sought to capture the
  first fleeting impression the eye had on a scene
  in paint.
• Impressionism can be recognized by obviously
  unsmoothed brush strokes.