Your Guide to APA Style

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Your Guide to APA Style
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WHAT IS APA ?

• When instructors ask you to write in the APA
  Style, they are referring to the editorial style
  that was adopted to present written materials in
  the social and behavioral sciences. The APA style
  is a requirement for student writing assignments
  in many leading universities.

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Why do you have to learn APA style?

• Because graduate level writing means mastering
  uniform writing style.
• Because APA style is the most common writing
  style in the social sciences.

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Whats Included in APA Style?

• Basically everything in your paper
• - How your pages are set up
• - How you cite sources
• - Your references
• - Your language

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Where can you learn APA style?

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association (6th edition)
• Anderson C.E., Carrell S.T., Widdifield, J.L.
  (2007). Citingsources with APA documentation.
  Boston, MA Pearson.
• Lipson, C. (2006). Cite right. Chicago, IL The
  University ofChicago Press.
• Amato, C.J. (2008). The worlds easiest guide to
  using the APA (4th ed.). Corona, CA Stargazer.

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Internet Sources about APA Citation Style

• You can also use reliable Internet sources to
  find answers to your questions about APA citation
  stylehttp//www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/index.a
  spxhttp//owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/56
  0/01/http//www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s
  2.html

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The List of References

• Required if you cite any sources in your paper
• Every source cited in your paper must appear on
  the reference list
• Double spaced!

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Single-authored book

• Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of
  persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum.

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Dual-authored book

• Baran, S. J., Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass
  communication theory Foundations, ferment and
  future. Belmont, CA Wadsworth.
• Note when listing authors, use an ampersand ()
  in the reference list, not and.

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Single-authored article

• Garramone, G. M. (1985). Effects of negative
  political advertising The roles of sponsor and
  rebuttal. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic
  Media, 29, 149-159.
• Note The first letter of each word in the title
  of the journal is capitalized.

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Two or more authors (article)

• Suzuki, S., Rancer, A. S. (1994).
  Argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness
  Testing for conceptual and measurement
  equivalence across cultures. Communication
  Monographs, 61, 256-279.
• Note Can you find the volume number and page
  numbers in this citation?

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Personal Communication

• Personal communications may be private
  letters, e-mails, interviews, telephone
  conversations, and the like. Personal
  communications are not included in the reference
  list. Cite personal communications in text only.
• T.K Lutes provided us with his companys
  business expenses in 2009 (personal
  communication, April 18, 2010)

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Article in an online journal Retrieval
Information

• Johnson, T. E. Lee, G. (2009). The relationship
  between shared mental models and task performance
  in an online team-based learning environment.
  Performance Improvement Quarterly, 21(3), 97-112.
  doi 101002/piq.20033
• Include DOI, or Digital Object Identifier!

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Article in an online journal Retrieval
Information

• Frederickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating
  positive emotions to optimize health and
  well-being. Prevention Treatment, 3. Retrieved
  from http//journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pr
  e0030001a.html
• If DOI is not listed, the URL of where the
  document was found is used instead

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Its only the beginning

• Learning how to do your reference page is only
  the beginning

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IN-TEXT CITATIONSWhen do you need to cite your
sources in your paper?

• When youre referring to an idea or concept you
  drew from something you read.
• When you quote from something you read or heard.
• When you want to give the reader some other
  places to look for additional information.

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APA Style In-Text Citations

• Any works that are mentioned in the body of your
  paper must be cited.
• There are two ways of citing the work of other
  authors
• 1) by paraphrasing, and
• 2) by quoting directly

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In-Text Citations (Format)

• Include the authors last name (no initials) in
  your text. Write the year of publication in
  parentheses. Then paraphrase the statement.
• Example
• According to Watkins (2005), the number of MBA
  students in the United States will be growing.

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In-Text Citations (Format)

• If a work is referred to indirectly, cite the
  last name of the author and the year, separated
  by a comma, in parentheses
• Example
• These data are consistent with other statistics
  and research concerning this topic (U.S.Census,
  2007 Patterson, 2009 Smith Jones, 2008)

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What Is Paraphrasing?

• Scott (1992) identified
• Several researchers (Anthony, 1990 Gregory
  Jacobs, 1985 Polk et al., 1980) reported
• Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from
  another work (Scott, 1992).

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Verbs used in APA style

• acknowledged added admitted affirmed
  
• agreed answered argued asked asserted
  attacked believed called claimed commented
  compared confirmed contended countered
  counterattacked
• declared defined denied disputed
  echoed
• emphasized endorsed estimated
  found,
• AND MANY
  OTHERS.

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Citing Sources With Several Authors

• 1 5 Authors
• List the last names of all authors the first
  time you cite them.
• For a second or more time, list last name of
  first author, followed by et al., and the date.

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Citing Sources With Several Authors

• 6 OR MORE AUTHORS
• If there are 6 or more authors, write the first
  authors last name followed by
• et al. for the first and subsequent citations.

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Examples

• Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported
  that
• (FIRST TIME)
• Scott et al. (1990) reported that
• (EVERY TIME AFTER)

• 6 or more authors, use et al., first time and
  every time.

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Citing while quoting

• You need to put the author last name(s) and date,
  like while paraphrasing, but also the PAGE
  NUMBERS or PARAGRAPH NUMBERS (for online
  sources).
• Example the research findings clearly indicate
  support for the hypotheses (Douglass, 1986, p.
  55).

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Warning

• Keep quotations to a minimum (less than 3 per
  paper)
• Dont forget the quotation marks and page numbers
  (or paragraph numbers), or you will be guilty of
  plagiarism!

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How to set up your paper in APA

• Use 8 ½ by 11 white paper, with margins of 1
  (or 1 ¼)
• Double space EVERYTHING
• Font should be Times Roman 12 pitch
• Page numbers in upper right hand corners

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Title Page

• APA style requires a page number at the top
  right-hand corner of each page of your document.
  The first page of your manuscript is the title
  page, which is numbered page 1. The title page
  consists of three parts the running head, the
  title, and the byline.

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Running Head

• The running head is an abbreviated title
  specified by the author that would be used if the
  article was published. It should be typed flush
  left at the top of the title page in all capital
  letters, and should not exceed 50 characters.

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Rules to follow when writing your references
page

• Start the reference section on a new page.
• The word References should be centered at the
  top of the page in boldface, but should not be
  underlined or capitalized.
• List citations alphabetically by the authors
  last name. If you have more than one citation for
  the same author, order them from oldest to most
  recent.

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Other rules

• Title page should contain the title of your paper
  (not a topic, but a title that reflects the
  content of the paper), your name, the course name
  the paper is for, and the date you wrote it

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If you have references, tables, and appendices

• They go in this order
• Title page
• Paper
• References
• Appendices
• Notes
• Tables, Figures, etc.