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4.10/ P/ 1

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Cracks and Repairs R.C.C. Structures Cracks in building Structural cracks due to incorrect design faulty construction Overloading Non Structural cracks Moisture ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 4.10/ P/ 1


1
Cracks and Repairs R.C.C. Structures
2
Cracks in building
  • Structural cracks
  • due to incorrect design
  • faulty construction
  • Overloading
  • Non Structural cracks
  • Moisture changes
  • Thermal movement
  • Elastic deformation
  • Creep
  • Chemical reaction
  • Foundation movement and settlement of soil
  • Vegetation

3
Non Structural cracksMoisture Changes
  • Building materials expand on absorbing moisture
    and shrink on drying. These are generally
    reversible. Shrinkage in concrete or mortar
    depends on a number of factors
  • Cement concrete Richer the mix greater is the
    drying shrinkage.
  • Water content More water in mix induces greater
    shrinkage
  • Aggregates Large aggregates with good grading
    has less shrinkage for same workability as less
    water is used

4
  • Curing If proper curing starts as soon as
    initial set has taken place and continued for 7
    to 10 days shrinkage is comparatively less
  • Excessive fines More fines in aggregate requires
    more water for same workability and hence more
    shrinkage.
  • Temperature Concrete made in hot weather needs
    more water for same workability see Fig 8 and
    hence results in more shrinkage.
  • Temperature Concrete made in hot weather needs
    more water for same workability hence results in
    more shrinkage.

5
Initial Expansion
  • An example of cracks of wall due to initial
    expansion of bricks is given in fig

6
Some Measures for controlling shrinkage
  • Shrinkage in plastering can be reduced by
    ensuring proper adhesion. The plastered should
    not be stronger than the back ground.
  • Shrinkage cracks in masonry can be minimized by
    avoiding use of rich cement mortar and by
    delaying plastering till masonry has dried after
    proper curing and has undergone most of its
    initial shrinkage.

7
Thermal Movement
  • . The cracking of a typical structure due to
    thermal movement is given in fig

8
In case of framed buildings due to thermal
movement frames are distorted and cracks may
appear as shown in fig
9
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10
Prevention of Thermal Cracks
  • To prevent thermal cracks expansion joints,
    control joints and joints in case of change of
    shape and direction of wing in a structure are to
    be provided

11
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12
General guide lines to provide movement joints
13
Elastic Deformation
14
Creep
  • Building items such as concrete and brick work
    when subjected to a sustained load not only
    undergo elastic strain but also develop gradual
    and slow time dependent deformation known as
    creep or plastic strain. The creep in brick work
    may stop after 4 months but the same in concrete
    continue upto a year or so. The creep in concrete
    may be 2 to 3 times of the elastic deformation
    and hence has to be fully care fully considered.

15
  General measures for avoidance reduction of
cracks due to elastic strain, creep and shrinkage
  • Water cement ratio is to be controlled.
  • Reasonable pace of construction adopted.
  • Brick work over load bearing RCC members should
    be done after removal of shutting giving a time
    gap.
  • Brick walls between columns should be deferred as
    much as possible.
  • Plastering of areas having RCC and brick members
    should be done after sufficient time gap say one
    month or suitable groves provided in junction.
  • Shutting should be allowed stay for a larger
    period say 30 days or so for cantilevers which
    are bound to defect appreciably.

16
Movement due to chemical reaction
  • Certain chemical reaction in building materials
    result is appreciable change in volume of
    resulting products and internal stresses are set
    up which may result in outward thrust and
    formation of cracks.
  • Soluble sulphate reacts with tricalcuium
    aluminate in cement and hydraulic lime and form
    products which occupy larger volume and ends in
    developing cracks. An example of cracking of a
    floor due to coming in contact of the sub base
    made of brick khoa with heavy sulphate content
    and water can be seen in fig

17
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18
Prevention
  • If sulphate content in soil is more that 0.2 or
    in ground water more than 300 ppm use rich mix of
    concrete ant mortar has to be adopted.
  • Avoid bricks containing too much soluble
    sulphates (more than 5 ) and use rich mortar in
    such cases.
  • Use expansion and control joint at closure
    intervals 

19
Corrosion of Reinforcement
  • Corroded reinforcement expands and cracks the
    concrete cover. To avoid this phenomenon rich mix
    of concrete using proper quality of water and
    adequate cover should adopted.

20
Foundation movement and settlement of soil
  • Building on expansion clays are extremely crack
    prone. The soil movement in such clay is more
    appreciable upto a depth of 1.5 to 2M and this
    cause swelling and shrinkage and results in crack
    in the structure. The cracks due to settlement
    are usually diagonal in shape. Crack appearing
    due to swelling is vertical Fig

21
Cracking due to vegetation
  • Large trees growing in the vicinity of buildings
    cause damage in all type of soil conditions. If
    the soil is shrinkable clay cracking is severe

22
Repair
  • The repair for cracks may be undertaken after
    ascertaining the reasons for the appearance of
    the crack. A few basic principles if followed
    will be more effective
  • 1.  Rendering of minor crack less that 1m wide
    may be done after observing the crack for some
    time and then sealing it with weak mortar of
    cement, lime and sand. 
  • 2.   Cracks where width change with season should
    be filled up with elastic fillers like silicon or
    polyurethene compound.
  • 3.   Where sheer crack are observed shear keys
    made of RCC concrete with at least 1.5 percent
    steel vein forcemeat may be provided at 1 to 1.5m
    intervals.
  • 4.  If cracks are due to movement of soil in
    black cotton once, prevention of moisture
    penetration in the surrounding areas has to be
    ensured by providing a waterproof blanket around
    the plinth. The masonry wall below ground level
    should also be separated from the adjoining soil
    by replacing the existing soil with coarse grain
    material.

23
Structural Cracks
  • Structural cracks mainly occur due to
  • a)      Defective design and defective load
    assumptions and perception of behavior of the
    structure.
  • b)      In correct assessment of bearing capacity
    of foundation soil and soil properly.
  • c)      Defective detailing of joints of
    components like roof with brick wall corner
    joints of walls
  • d)      Defective detailing of structural
    detailing of steel reinforcement.
  • e)      Lack of quality control during
    construction.
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