Building Types

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Building Types
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Building Use and Size
Buildings are available in many types and
sizes. Large, specialized buildings should be
planned and built by professionals.
Smaller, simple designs can be constructed by the
owner/manager as long as good building principles
are used.
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Building Types

• Building types can be classified by their
  construction design.
• Pole building
• Post and girder (Timber frame)
• Rigid frame
• Wood
• Metal (Fig-40-20)
• Light frame
• Quonset

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Building Type-Pole

• Gets its name from the use of poles for the wall
  construction.
• Inexpensive, popular style of building.
• Requires careful engineering when walls are not
  enclosed.

Purlins
Rafters
Roofing
Siding
Braces
Girts
Girders
P.P.T. Poles
P.P.T. Skirts
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Building Type-Post Girder(Timber Framing)

• The craft of timber framing reached it's maturity
  in Europe in the 1400's.
• Timber frame construction uses massive timbers
  that are tightly fitted together with mortise and
  tenon joinery, and then secured with hardwood
  pegs.

• Requires more skill than modern wooed frame
  construction.
• Produces a very durable building.

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Building Types- Rigid Frame

• Rigid frame construction has become popular for
  many Ag buildings.
• Two studs and two rafters are combined to form a
  structural unit with a gable shape.

• Structure is free of interior supports and
  trusses.
• Simple construction.
• Comparable costs to other clear span construction
  methods.

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Building Types- Rigid Frame-cont.

• Wood
• Plywood gussets are used at each joint to form a
  unit.
• Steel
• Preformed members are bolted or welded together.

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Building Types-Light Frame

• Three types of light frame construction are used
• Platform
• Balloon
• Slab
• Platform more common than balloon for residences
• Slab is very common for Ag Buildings and
  residences.

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Two Story Light Frame Construction TermsFooting

• Continuous concrete or masonry pad.
• If used, installed before the foundation.
• Supports the foundation wall.
• Size of footing depends on the load of building
  and the load bearing characteristics of the soil.

When would a footing not be used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Foundation

• Concrete or masonry wall that supports the
  building.
• Must either extend below frost depth or be
  engineered for above frost line.
• Should include anchor bolts to attach building to
  foundation.

What other types of attachments systems can be
used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Sill plate

• Wooden member attached to the foundation.
• Pressure treated lumber recommended.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Joists

• The floor joists provide the support for the
  floor.
• Size and spacing determined by the designed floor
  load.
• Rim joist attaches to end of floor joists to fill
  in the space and tie the ends together.

Why are diagonal braces used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Sub floor

• The sub floor is attached to the floor joists.
• Plywood, MDF or particle board is commonly used.
• Concrete sub floors are also used.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Sole Plate

• The sole plate is fastened to the end of the
  studs before it attached to the sub floor.
• Anchors the wall to the sub floor.

What is the difference between a sole plate and a
sill plate?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Studs

• The studs form the structure for the walls.
• Spacing and size is determined by the loads,
  desired insulation value and uses of the
  building.
• Different stud arrangements are used to attach
  the walls together at the corners.

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Studs-cont.

• Different construction techniques are used to
  attach the walls together at the corners.

Which one is best?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Plate and Top
Plate

• The first top plate attached to the ends of the
  studs.
• The second top plate is nailed to the first one.
  It is used to increase the load bearing capacity.
• Note the plates overlap at the corners to help
  tie the walls together.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Brace

• The purpose of the brace is to reinforce the
  building ability to resist racking forces.
• Racking forces are parallel to the wall.
• Braces are set in the the edge of the studs.
• This method is not very common today.

Force
Force
What has taken the place of the brace?
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Light Frame Construction Terms Sheathing

• Sheathing is the first layer of material on the
  outside surface of the walls.
• Sheathing may be sheet material, plywood, MDF.
  etc. or dimensioned lumber.
• Sheet material is more common.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Siding

• Wooden siding boards are the traditional material
  for the outside surface of the wall.
• Vinyl and other materials can also be used to
  enhance weather resistance.
• Residences may use brick in place of siding.
• Ag structures usually use metal sheet material.
• When the building is just a single story, the
  ceiling joists and rafters would be next.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Joists

• When the building is multistory, the parts from
  the joists up is repeated.
• In platform construction, the process repeats for
  each floor.
• Joists are placed to form the ceiling for the
  first story and the floor for the second story.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Second Story Sub
Floor

• A second sub floor is installed on the second
  story joists.
• May be the same material or different material
  from the first story sub floor.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Second Story Sole
Plate

• The second story sole plate serves the same
  function as the first story.
• It attaches the second story studs to the floor.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Secondary Story
Studs

• The second story studs form the walls for the
  second story.
• Usually the same spacing as the first story, but
  lumber may be smaller dimensions.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Second Story Top
Plate

• The second story top plate serves the same
  function as the first story plate--support the
  joists (floor or ceiling).
• In a two story building, the second story plates
  also supports the rafters.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Ceiling Joists

• The ceiling joists provide an attachment for the
  ceiling material and supports attic loads.
• Insulation
• Storage

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Light Frame Construction Terms Rafters

• The rafters support the roof materials.
• Rafter lumber dimensions are determined by the
  load on the roof and the distance between
  supports.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Cripple Studs

• The term cripple is often used to describe a
  building part that is shorter than or different
  than similar parts in the building.
• In this example it is used to describe the studs
  the run from the top plate to the rafter.

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Light Frame Construction Terms Balloon
Construction

• Balloon construction has four (4) major
  differences from platform.
• The studs are continuous from the bottom sill to
  the last top plate.
• The sub floor is installed after the studs are in
  place.
• Fire stops are used to enclose the space between
  the studs at each floor.
• The second story joists are supported by a rim
  joist.

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Light Frame Construction TermsSlab

• In slab style buildings the concrete floor is
  placed on top of the stem wall.
• The remainder of the building is built following
  platform or balloon construction.
• Wood structure must be attached to concrete.
• Height of stem wall varies.
• Utilities that go through the floor must be in
  place before the floor is poured.

Concrete Slab
Stem Wall
Footing
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Roof Designs

• Different roof designs are used for agricultural
  buildings.
• Several factors can influence the design
• Building use
• Costs
• Available materials
• Skill of builder
• Personal preference
• Eight (8) common roof designs
• Shed
• Hip
• Gable
• Gambrel
• Gothic
• Monitor
• Half monitor
• Quonset

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Roof Designs--Shed

• Shed
• Simplest to construct
• Single slope
• Commonly used for sheds and additions.

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Roof Designs-Hip

• Hip
• Strongest
• More difficult to construct
• More popular with houses than farm buildings

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Roof Designs-Gable

• Gable
• Two slopes
• Most common

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Roof Designs--Gambrel

• Gambrel
• Most useable space under the roof.
• More difficult than gable
• Traditional barn, but also used for houses.

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Roof Designs--Gothic

• Gothic
• Modification of Gambrel
• Arches must be bent, laminated or composite
  construction

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Roof Design--Monitor

• Monitor
• More difficult to build
• Allows sunlight into middle of building.
• Improves natural ventilation

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Roof DesignsHalf Monitor

• Half Monitor
• Popular for chicken houses
• Less difficult to build than monitor

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Roof Designs--Quonset

• Quonset
• Very popular in agriculture
• Used for many military buildings because of speed
  and ease of construction.
• Newer design is self supporting

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Questions