Wireless Technologies and Mobile IP

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Wireless Technologies and Mobile IP
Packet DataServices
0936_03F8_c2 NW98_US_113
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Digital PCS Wireless Data

• GPRS General Packet Radio Service the GSM
  packet data standard
• Provides access to Internet via TCP/IP
• Carrier owned fixed IP addressing
• Example Alcatel
• Mobile IP CDG proposed CDMA packet data
  standard
• Provides access to Internet and Intranet
• Carrier-based and destination-based addressing
• Example Qualcomm

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Mobile IP Enables Seamless Connectivity to and
from the Home Network
Conferences
Home
Internet
ISP Access through the Internet
Dial
Hotel
Commuting
Meeting Rooms
LANs and VLANs
Cellular or Mobile
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Mobility Solutions that need to be Bigger than an
Enterprise
PSTN
Internet

• Dial-in solutions help where there are phone
  lines
• Wireless technologies can be used where there are
  no wires

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Old Circuit Switched Model
Great as a Static Connectivity Solution, PPP
Allows Address Assignment, Authentication,
Bandwidth Negotiation/Aggregation (V.110 For GSM)
Service Provider
Internet
Disadvantages Circuit Based, No Mobility,
Charging Based on Connected Time, Not Data
Exchanged for Wireless
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Evolution of Data Services
The Packet Switching Data Component of GSM
GPRS
GSM
Some Effort to Do Circuit Switched Data Today
CDMA
Mobile IP
Packet Switching For Data Built-in
Other Cellular
Some AMPS and Non-AMPS Cellular Systems Have
Packet Ability Today
Cellular Systems Are Moving Toward Support for
Packet Data. This Is the Foundation for Mobile IP
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Packet-Based Data Allows

• True MobilityNot tied to a circuit
• Always on and always connected
• Without continuous airtime charges
• Billing based on packets sent, reflecting real
  resources used
• With Mobile IP
• The ability to tie into the home network and the
  Internet
• Roaming while retaining connectivity and identity

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Mobile IP is the Solution for Wireless
Connectivity

• Transparent interoperability with all other
  hosts
• Mobile always reachable at the same IP address
• Only the Home Agent needs to know the mobiles
  location
• All other routers do normal forwarding

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Mobile IP

• The IETF proposed standard solution for mobility
  at layer 3
• RFCs 20022006 define the functionality
• Protocol works over any intermediate media
• Movement is transparent to hosts who communicate
  with the mobile user
• No IP address changes are needed to allow
  mobility

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Overview Mobile IP Functionality
ISP
Internet
HA
MN
Mobile IP forms a Layer 3 Tunnel from a Home
Agent (HA) to the Mobile Node (MN), which can
continue to use its Home Address to receive IP
Datagrams
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Mobile IP Registration
IDRP Agent Advertisement Lifetime,
Type, Services
MN
MN
HA
FA
IDRP Agent Solicitation Lifetime,
Services
Registration
MN

• Care-of or co-located addresses
• Agree on services
• Register with the home agent

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Mobile IP Packet Forwarding
Correspondent Host
Home Agent
Foreign Agent
Mobile Node

• Traffic is sent as usual to the Home Subnet. The
  Home Agent intercepts the traffic while the
  Mobile Node is registered as away. Traffic is
  Tunneled to its current location. Traffic from
  the Mobile Node can go directly to the
  Correspondent Host

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Mobile IP True Mobility, Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table MN CoA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1
1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1 1.1.1.5 10.31.3.1
1.1.1.7 10.31.1.1
FA
MN
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
HA
FA
10.31.1.1
FA/MN Register with the HA
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Mobile IP True Mobility, Transparent Roaming
Mobility Binding Table MN CoA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1 1
.1.1.7 10.31.1.1 1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1 1.1.1.5 10.31.
3.1
MN realizes it has moved to a network with a
New FA
MN Registers with this New FA
FA
MN
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
HA
FA
10.31.1.1
When the MN Moves it Re-Registers via its New FA
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Mobile IP True Mobility, ReRegistration
When the new Registration is received, a new
COA is installed in the HA
Mobility Binding Table MN CoA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1 1
.1.1.7 10.31.1.1 1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1 1.1.1.5 10.31.
3.1
FA
MN
FA
10.31.3.1
10.31.2.1
HA
No Change Is Propagated to Correspondents
FA
New Data Path
Old Data Path
10.31.1.1
The Movement Is Transparent to all Other Devices
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Registration Options

• GRE and IPinIP tunneling
• Care-of and co-located address
• Registration lifetime
• Reverse tunneling
• Authentication
• Tunneling of broadcast packets

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The Challenges of Mobility
Urgent Email
Security!
Stock Quotes
Connectivity!
Direction Updates
Scalability!
Sales Quotes

• Can push data reach you?

• How do you access your home network?

• Can you ensure user identity?

• What happens when you move?

• Can you get though your firewall?

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Scalability for Mobile IP

• Single tunnel between HAs and FAs used for all
  MN traffic
• Off-loading of the keys to a AAA server
• Reverse tunneling to traverse firewalls to enter
  the home network

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Authentication in Mobile IP
MN
IP Header
UDP Header
MobileIP Registration
MH Auth Extension
FH Auth Extension
FA
IP Header
UDP Header
MobileIP Registration
MHO Auto Extension
FH Auth Extension
Mobile Node to Home Agent Foreign Agent to Home
Agent Foreign Agent to Mobile Node ( Optional)
HA
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Other Security in Mobile IP

• Registration filters
• Filters on the Foreign Agent
• Limit the MNs allowed to register
• Limit the HAs it can register with
• Filters on the Home Agent
• Limit the MNs allowed to register
• Limit the FAs allowed to register
• Reverse tunnels
• Enable firewall traversal for ingress filters
• Allow for bi-directional routing
• Encryption
• Ciscos network layer encryption

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Home Agent Redundancy
HA
FA
Mobility Binding Table MN CoA 1.1.1.3 10.31.1.1 1
.1.1.7 10.31.1.1 1.1.1.8 10.31.2.1 1.1.1.5 10.31.
3.1
HA

• Based on HSRP
• Enables back-up in the case of a failure
• Ensures mobility bindings stay in sync

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Providing Connectivity in a Wireless Network
FA
FA
FA
HA
HA
FA

• Service Providers Offering Mobility to Users
  within the Wireless Network

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Wireless Internet Architecture
Fully Digital/Packet Switch
MSC
BSC
Internet
CorporateInternet
GW
Service Provider
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Mobile Internet
Digital Link Layer
MSC
BSC
Internet
CorporateInternet
Service Provider
Proxy/Cache Servers
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Mobile Intranet Architecture
Cisco IOSTM Data Mobility Solution with MobileIP
Home Agent (HA) and Foreign Agent (HA) Support
Digital Link Layer
Secured Access for Mobility Extended Corporate
Intranets
BSC
MSC
HA
Internet
CorporateInternet
FA
Service Provider
Proxy/Cache Servers
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Mobile Intranet Architecture
Cisco IOS Mobility Architecture Is Applicable to
Various Wireless and Non-Wireless Technologies
HA
CorporateInternet
Internet
Proxy/Cache Servers
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Business Applications

• Wireless LAN
• Fixed LAN

BS
FA
HA
CorporateInternet
Internet
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Application and Network Roles

• Flexible choice of connectivity solution based on
  services and cost
• Cisco IOSTM software with Mobile IP provides
  network services layer to application
• Applications can be made network aware to best
  utilize network services

Network Aware Applications
Network Services
Mobile IP
CDMA
GPRS
WLL
GSM
W-CDMA
W LAN
xDSL
LAN
Satellite
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Glenn SelboStrategic Marketing
Business Planning Network Evolution Impact for
GPRS
Dr. Payam TaagholAdvanced Technology, EMEA
GPRS ConferenceGSM Association
London22 August 2000
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Mobile Data Penetration

• Mobile data has yet to deliver on hype
• Making WAP service easier to access wont make
  services better
• Users reacting to over-hyped wireless web claims
• Packet networks imply major changes to billing
  support systems, tariffs, and support structure

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Lessons from NTT DoCoMo

• Packet-based - always on, always connected
• Subscription, volume and transaction-based
  pricing
• Content driving subscriber growth

Source NTT
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Projected GPRS Evolution

• Significant growth opportunity through 2003
• Growth to be driven by availability of
  applications
• Stepping stone to 3G network services

Western Europe Mobile Subscribers
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Applications Drive Opportunity

• Global GSM Mobile Data service revenues are
  projected to approach 6.5 billion by 2002

Source INRA-Telcobus, ISM-Survey, ICN MCM 12
Analysis
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Service Impact on Capacity Planning

• Additional bandwidth, infrastructure and
  improvements in QoS guarantees will be required
  to support new services

Full Motion Video Video
Conferencing Image and Graphics
Multi-Media
Web Browsing
File Transfers Email w/Attach. M-Commerc
e
Portable Computing
Functionality
Web Queries Simple Email
Instant Messaging SMS
Interactive
Data Broadcasting 1 Way Paging
Alert
Data Rate
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The Case for GPRS/3G

• As a result of varying market characteristics,
  the case for moving to 2.5 and 3G varies on a
  carrier-by-carrier basis
• How much investment is already in the ground
• How much spectrum is available
• What is the composition of the carriers
  subscriber base
• Operators need for differentiation
• An integrated approach will yield the
  highest-value results

MARKET PLAN
DEPLOYMENT PLAN
BUSINESS PLAN
MARKET PLAN
DEPLOYMENT PLAN
BUSINESS PLAN
Market characteristics
Real estate issues
Services proposal
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3
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Market characteristics
Real estate issues
Services proposal
3
3
3
Demographics
Long haul transport
Addressable market
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3
3
Demographics
LOS considerations
Addressable market
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3
3
Target markets
Interconnection
Available spectrum
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3
3
Topography and
Long haul transport
Available spectrum
3
3
3
Technology selection
Competition
Spectrum depth
3
3
3
clutter
Interconnection
Competition
Spectrum depth
3
3
3
Prioritization
Deployment timetable
Critical success
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3
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Technology selection
Critical success
Target markets
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3
3
factors
Service schedule
Opportunity Index
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Opportunity Index
Deployment timetable
factors
3
3
Technology Selection
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Technology Selection
3
GIS
input
3
GIS
input
Service schedule
3
3
Pricing/Economics
3
Pricing/Economics
3
Technology Selection
3
Vendor Selection
3
Prioritization
3
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Network Impact of GPRS
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GPRS A Packet Data Overlay for GSM
circuit switched
Gateway MSC
Visited MSC/VLR
PSTN
ISDN
HLR
BSS
PCU
Internet
Mobile DTE
Gateway GSN
Serving GSN
Intranet
PSPDN
packet switched GPRS
BSS Base Station System GSN GPRS Support
Node HLR Home Location Register VLR Visitor
Location Register PCU Packet Control Unit
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GPRS Great Expectations
High Data rates of 28-115 kbps
Spectral Efficiency
Internet Awareness End-to-end IP delivery
Multimedia Applications
Quality of Service
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GPRS Performance

• GSM and GPRS share the same radio resources
• In congested cells with a high number of GSM
  voice users the TRUE GPRS throughput or data rate
  may be significantly less than that of the
  predicted
• GPRS on the other hand can deliver the SMS
  traffic more efficiently thereby taking the load
  off GSM network
• The true performance would vary from country to
  country and from network to network

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Mobile Terminated GPRS Calls

• It is very likely that the first generation GPRS
  will not support Mobile Terminated GPRS
• GPRS would have to provide IP delivery as
  internet services would probably be the main
  services used over GPRS
• In this case a service provider would not be able
  to charge for content delivery
• If they do so, the user might have to pay for
  delivery of unauthorised content such as
  advertisement or Junk email

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GPRS Improvements
HIGHER USER RATES via Air-IF using TRAFFIC
CHANNEL COMBINING and NEW CODING SCHEMES
Gateway MSC
Visited MSC/VLR
PSTN
Mobile DTE
ISDN
HIGHER USER RATES to Data networks
HLR / GR
BSS
PCU
Internet
Gateway GSN
Serving GSN
Intranet
PSPDN
DIRECT ACCESS TO INTERNET / PACKET DATA NETWORK
IMPROVED SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY by multiplexing
onto the same Resources
PACKET SWITCHED BACKBONE NETWORK
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The Evolutionary Path
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Migrating Internet Services to Wireless

• August 22, 2000
• Michael D. Smith
• Mobile Internet Applications
• Nokia Networks

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The Market is Changing
There will be more Mobile Terminals on the
Internet than PCs, by 2003
Sources Nokia, ITU, Dataquest, EMC, Global
Mobile
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Portals drive the information access...
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Europe is leading the way.
Forrester Predicts That One in Three Europeans
Will Access the Net Via Mobile Phone by 2004
AMSTERDAM, Netherlands--(BUSINESS WIRE) via
NewsEdge Corporation --Europe stands on the brink
of a revolution in Internet access. By 2004,
one-third of all Europeans -- more than 219
million consumers -- will regularly use their
mobile phones to access Internet services
according to a new Report from Forrester Research
B.V. (NasdaqFORR). Although the sites that will
host these services are already being built, it
remains unclear whether mobile operators will
provide free and open access to these sites.
Europeans lead the world in mobile phone use,
with more than 117 million people in the EU
carrying mobile phones. Many of these phones are
already being used for data -- Europeans pass
more than 2 billion short message service (SMS)
messages a month to chat and read sports scores.
These two factors, plus the introduction of
wireless application protocol (WAP) phones, will
vault Europe into the lead for mobile Internet
access. (continues.) dated 1999-12-16
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Mobile Internet Outlook
Millions
Projected cellular subscribers (Nokia 1999)
More handsets than PCs connected to the Internet
by the end of 2003 !
Projected Web handsets (Nokia 1999)
Projected PCs connected to the Internet (Dataquest
10/98)
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Standards Mobile Network Evolution -GSM example
GSM
UMTS (3G)
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
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Battle for the position in value chain
service control is created here

PRE-PACKAGED CONTENT
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Mobile Service Provider's assets in value chain
battle

• Assets of the service provider
• Identity management
• anonymity
• Billing
• pre-paid, printing
• Small payments
• Location information
• Customer ownership
• Subscriber profiling

Billing identity

Location based

Service Profiling

mCommerce
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Mobile operators need to decide how to position
themselves in the market
Bitpipe for Branded Content or Internet
Value-added Service Provider
OR

• Operator adds value by new services
• Opportunity to differentiate
• - customer loyalty
• - new customers and revenue streams
• - brand
• Higher risk, new competencies required

• Operator acts as transparent bit-pipe
• Weak differentiation possibilities
• content providers control the customers
• Small risks for the operator low cost, small
  revenue opportunity

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Introduction of GPRS and mobile access to
internet restructures the mobile market
Providing connections
Business
From
Consumer
Consumer
Business
To
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Many new roles for the Network Provider
Collect, package and resell information together
from 3rd parties
Infomediary
Managed Gateway to the Internet offering
advertising and content revenue
Network Provider
Network Provider
Portal
Telephony
Provides raw information or services
ContentProvider
Provides applications such as email, WWW hosting,
banking
Application Provider
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Mobile Phone Is In The High-value Position
Lookers
Buyers
Awareness
Consideration
Preference
Purchase
Loyalty
2 cents per impression
50 cents per clickthrough
5 per lead
80 per customer
4,000X
250X
25X
x
Source Forrester Research
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Mobile Internet Applications
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More than delivering this..
There must be value add
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Messaging in mobile internet
Service
Low disposable
Call
MMS
Chat
IM
Message
Storage need
SMS
Greetings
Email
Notice
Belonging
End user application
High "souvenir"
High real time
Low delay
Instancy need
Expansion
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GPRS/WAP Email - end of SMS ?
SMS 160Bytes 1.28kb
0.1
1 min data 60x9.6kb 576kb
0.2
SMS Payload of data
0.0005
Assuming operators tariff GPRS data volume double
with CSD -gt SMS payload would cost lt0,001
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