WASTE MANAGEMENT

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WASTE MANAGEMENT
James M. Ebeling, Ph.D. Research
Engineer Aquaculture Systems Technologies,
LLC New Orleans, LA
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Solids Management
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Solids Capture Quick Review

• Effluent Treatment for
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
• Settleable Solids
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
• Total Phosphorus (TP)
• Nitrogen
• Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN)
• Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N)
• Pathogens

Removed with solids
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Solids Capture Quick Review

• Gravity Separation
• Settling Basins
• Quiescent Zones
• Off-line Settling Basins
• Tube/Plate Settlers
• Swirl Separators
• Physical Filtration
• Microscreen Filters (drum, disc, belt)
• Granular Media Filters

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Solids Waste Characteristics
Aquacultural Sludge Aquacultural Sludge Aquacultural Sludge Domestic Sludge Domestic Sludge
  Parameter Range Range Mean Range Typical
  Total Solids ()   Total Solids () 1.42.6 1.42.6 1.8 2.08.0 5.0
  TVS ( of TS)   TVS ( of TS) 74.686.6 74.686.6 82.2 5080 65
  BOD5 (mg/L)   BOD5 (mg/L) 1,5903,870 1,5903,870 2,760 2,00030,000 6,000
  TAN (mg/L)   TAN (mg/L) 6.825.6 6.825.6 18.3 100800 400
  pH   pH 6.07.2 6.07.2 6.7 5.08.0 6.0
  Alkalinity   Alkalinity 284415 284415 334 5001,500 600
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Solids Mass Balance
Feed
O2
CO2
Ammonia
BOD, TSS, N, P
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Waste Management Overview

• Treatment processes result in captured solids
  that must be managed
• Storage and Thickening
• Thickening and Stabilization
• Biosolids utilization and disposal
• Stabilization of solids for pathogen destruction

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Solids Storage and Thickening
Quiescent Zones
Settling Basins
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Solids Storage and Thickening
Earthen Ponds
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Solids Storage and Thickening

• Slurrystore Tanks

Engineered Storage Products Company
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Solids Thickening and Stabilization

• Captured solids require further dewatering

TSS
Microscreen Filter Backwash 0.01-0.8
Quiescent Zone Siphon 3-5
Quiescent Zone Siphon 3-5
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Solids Thickening

• Solids must be thickened (dewatered) to reduce
  disposal costs/management.
• Dewatering reduces sludge volume.
• Sludge volume for 1,000 lb dry weight solids
• 12,000 gal 1 TSS
• 2,400 gal 5 TSS
• 1,200 gal 10 TSS
• 800 gal 15 TSS

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Solids Thickening Methods

• Processes to thicken clarifier/filter backwash
  solids
• offline settling basins (sludge thickening tanks)
• wetlands or sand beds
• coagulation/flocculation
• belt filters
• GeoTextile Bags

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Off-line Settling Basins

• Designed for solids collection, thickening and
  storage
• Intermittently loaded from
• quiescent zone cleaning
• filter backwashing
• system cleaning

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Off-line Settling Tanksat Freshwater Institute
Off-line Settling Basins
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Off-line Settling Basins
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Off-line Settling Basins
LARGE structures with solids storage capacity
Big Spring FCS (PA)
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Off-line Settling Basins Design

• Idaho DEQ (1998) design criteria for off-line
  settling basins
• overflow rate of 0.0015 ft3/sec flow per ft2
  surface area
• usually 3.5 ft deep
• usually built in pairs
• tank MUST capture 85 TSS
• TSS effluent CANNOT exceed 100 mg/L in 8 hr
  composite
• settleable solids effluent CANNOT exceed 1.0 ml/L
  in any sample

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Off-line Settling Basin Solids Removal

• OPTION 1 Decant tank, harvest solids with
  backhoe or front end loader
• Let solids dry for several days to 25 to 35 dry
  weight
• OPTION 2 Sprinkler application to adjacent
  fields
• 0.2 solids dry weight (after mixing solids)
• OPTION 3 Decant tank, then pump out manure
• 12 avg. solids dry weight
• 20 max. solids dry weight
• pumping method influences solids removed

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Wetlands Sand Beds

• Created Wetlands drying beds
• combine solids dewatering and disposal
• sand drying bed planted with reeds
• plants facilitate dewatering
• loading
• 30-60 kg dry solids per year per m2 area
• 7-10 cm sludge at 2 solids every 7-21 days
• series of beds receive sequential batches
• store solids for 10 years

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Coagulation/Flocculation

• Coagulation
• Process of decreasing or neutralizing the
  electric charge on suspended particles
• Flocculation
• Process of bringing together the microfloc
  particles to form large agglomerations by the
  binding action of flocculants

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Suspended Solids Removal (Alum, Ferric Chloride,
AMD)

• Alum in wastewater yields the following reaction
• Al2(SO4)3?14 H2O 3Ca(HCO3)2 ? 3Ca SO4
  2Al(OH)3 6CO2 14H2O
• Insoluble aluminum hydroxide is a gelatinous
  floc

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Phosphorus Removal(Alum, Ferric Chloride, AMD)

• Basic reaction
• Al3 HnPO43-n ? AlPO4 nH
• Fe3 HnPO43-n ? FePO4 nH
• Simplest form of reaction, bench-scale test
  required to establish actual removal rate

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Coagulation/Flocculation Aids(Polymers)

• charge neutralization (low molecular weight
  polymers)
• neutralize negative charge on particle
• bridging between particles (high molecular
  weight polymers)
• long loops and tail connect particles

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Coagulation/Flocculation Aids(Polymers)
Advantages

• High Molecular Weight Long-chain Polymers
• lower dosages requirements
• reduced sludge production
• easier storage and mixing
• MW and charge densities optimized designer
  aids
• no pH adjustment required
• polymers bridge many smaller particles
• improved floc resistance to shear forces

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Evaluation alum/polymers
Polymer Optimum Dosage Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) Reactive Phosphorus (mg/L P) Reactive Phosphorus (mg/L P) Reactive Phosphorus (mg/L P)
Polymer Optimum Dosage Raw sample Treated sample Removal Raw sample Treated sample Removal
LT 27 0.8 mg/L 557 7 99 10 0.17 98
LT 7995 6 mg/L 859 10 99 17 0.26 98
E 38 3 mg/L 1566 20 98 34.8 0.57 98
A-120 0.8 mg/L 654 7 99 11.4 0.16 98
CE 834 5 mg/L 719 4 99 13.7 0.27 98
CE 1950 5 mg/L 958 10 99 17.1 0.35 98
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Synergetic Effect of alum/polymers
Optimal Dosage Optimal Dosage Percent Removal Turbidity (NTU) Percent Removal Turbidity (NTU)
Ciba Specialty Chemicals polymer 50 mg/L alum / polymer polymer 50 mg/L alum / polymer
Magnafloc LT 7990 No Effect 8 --- 95.2
Magnafloc LT 7991 20 mg/L 8 86.4 95.3
Magnafloc LT 7992 20 mg/L 4 91.6 95.4
Magnafloc LT 7995 10 mg/L 6 85.1 96.3
Magnafloc LT 20 No Effect 0.8 --- 88.1
Magnafloc LT 22S 1.0 mg/L 0.3 67.8 94.8
Magnafloc LT 26 No Effect 0.8 --- 94.4
Magnafloc E 38 1.0 mg/L 3 45.1 95.8
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Other WQ Effects of alum/polymers
TAN NO2-N NO3-N TN CBOD5 COD
  (mg/L N) (mg/L N) (mg/L N) (mg/L N) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Initial Sample 0.75 0.430 10.8 34 437.7 719
LT 27 0.32 0.218 3.6 4.8 17.8 36
LT 7995 0.28 0.216 3.7 4.4 8.1 21
E 38 0.24 0.224 3.7 4.7 12.0 27
A-120 0.36 0.222 3.6 4.3 17.7 29
CE 834 0.19 0.191 2.7 3.5 7.7 20
CE 1950 0.24 0.219 3.6 4.5 8.9 21
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Belt Filter
Coagulation/Flocculation Tank
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Belt Filter
Belt Filter
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Belt Filter-Sludge

• Alum
• 13.2 1.1
• Polymer
• 11.6 2.2
• Alum/Polymer
• 12.6 1.4

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What is a Geotube ?

• Geotube containers are custom fabricated with
  seaming techniques that resist pressures during
  pumping operations.

• Geotubes are constructed of Mirafi high strength
  woven geotextile
• High flow rate allows liquid to dewater, while
  containing solids.

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Benefits of Geotube Technology

• Effective high volume containment.
• Efficient dewatering volume
• reduction.
• Cost effective.
• No special equipment required.
• Custom site specific fabrication.
• Lower equipment cost.
• Low maintenance.
• Low labor cost.

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Containment
Containment
Dewatering
Disposal
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Applications for Aquaculture

• Freshwater Applications
• Winter Storage of Biosolids
• Composting
• Marine Applications Tested by Miratech
• Marine benthic waste
• Marine fresh cage waste
• Hatchery recirculation and pass through waste
• Processing plant blood water
• Biofouling waste from cleaning shellfish cages
• Biofouling toxic waste (copper) from salmon net
  cleaning

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Research Large Geobags

• Each of the three bags were operated at a mean
  hydraulic loading rate of 58.7 Liters/day/m2
  geotextile material.
• Solids pumped to the bags for 0.5 minutes each
  hour (24/7).

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Results of Study
Bag Influent Bag Effluent Removal
TSS (mg/l) 1875 811 98 25 93.0 3
Total Phosphorus (mg/l) 40.6 16 12.7 4.1 65 12
Dissolved Reactive P (mg/l) 1.1 0.7 10.8 3.2 -1145 574
Total Nitrogen (mg/l) 63.8 25 37.9 12 32 24
TAN (mg/l) 1.7 0.6 28.1 9.9 -1587 490
cBOD5 (mg/l) 517 241 309 80 47 15
36 Samples over 3 months
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Biosolids Utilization/Disposal

• Composting
• Land Application
• Slurry (lt1 solids)
• Thickened Sludge (gt5 solids)
• Contract hauling

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Composting
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Composting Bin
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Composting Bin
Cantrell Creek Trout Farm (NC)
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Land Application

• Liquid/Slurry Application
• Solids are easily transferred and distributed
  when they are gt1 solids
• Designed as a Slow Rate Land Treatment (crop
  irrigation)
• Thickened Sludge Application
• Designed as a soil amendment or fertilizer (as
  part of a crop nutrient management plan)
• Applied from tanker trucks surface spreading,
  incorporation, direct injection

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Land Application
When the solids content is less than 1, solids
and slurries are easily pumped and distributed
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Contract Hauling
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Questions?