The following lecture has been approved for

1
The following lecture has been approved for
University Postgraduate Students This lecture
may contain information, ideas, concepts and
discursive anecdotes that may be thought
provoking and challenging It is not intended
for the content or delivery to cause
offence Any issues raised in the lecture may
require the viewer to engage in further thought,
insight, reflection or critical evaluation
2
Behaviour in Organizations Dr. Craig A.
Jackson Occupational Psychologist Senior Lecturer
in Health Psychology Trauma, Critical Care
Psychology Faculty of Health UCE Birmingham
hcc.uce.ac.uk/craigjackson
3
When did this happen?
NOTICE OUR STAFF HAVE THE RIGHT TO WORK IN AN
ENVIRONMENT FREE FROM VIOLENCE We will
prosecute anyone found abusing or threatening
employees
4
Regulation of working hours 1800 1900 12 hour
days 6 day weeks Thomas Paine 1737 -
1809 Age of Reason Rights of Man Annie Besant
1847 1933 Reformist movement Fabian
Society Secular Society Fruits of
philosophy The Link White slavery in
London 1889 Humanitarian concerns
influenced change 48 hour week regular rest
increased productivity
5
Regulation of working hours 1900
1970 progressive reduction in working
hours traditional work patterns 1970
? working hours increase shiftwork
increases irregular hours increase 24 hour
processing technology unpaid extended
hours flexible working annualised hours
6
Regulation of working hours Linear Assumption of
workers and productivity

7
Pieter Bruegel 1563
8
(No Transcript)
9
Organisational Psychology
10

• Work Related Ill-Health in the UK
• Bakers suffer most with asthma
• Metal workers appear highly with upper limb
  problems
• Mesothelioma deaths highest in shipbuilders
• Seamstresses have the youngest age at death of
  any job
• 33 Million days lost per year
• Males lose more working days than females
• Days lost increase with age
• Stress, depression and anxiety highest in Public
  admin.
• Defence
• Education

11
Top 5 UK Occupational Health Problems
1. Hearing loss NIHL, TTS, Exposure 2. Respirato
ry problems Asbestosis, Carbon Black,
Recycling 3. Skin problems Hairdressers,
Nurses, Engineering 4. Mental health Stress,
Anxiety, Uncertainty 5. Musculoskeletal
disorders Desk workers, Cleaners, Drivers
12
Common Popular Headlines
13
Misperceptions of workplaces UK Climate
of over-perception of danger stress being
unavoidable
Attention Deficit Trait
14
Short Term Influences on Behaviour Environment
Noise Temp. Stress Fatigue Perceived
control Influence of others
15
Stress
Fatigue
16
Environmental effects on Performance Fatigue C
onfusion Disturbance of circadian rhythm
Hallucination Decision latitude problems
17
Pilot Fatigue Nodding off Uncontrolled
spontaneous episodes of sleep Can last seconds or
minutes Disengages from reality and becomes
unresponsive Fail to respond to outside
information Aircraft cruising at 450 knots on
glide path can travel nearly 730 feet during a
one-second lapse.
123 feet
18
Near Misses and Hits
19
Environmental effects on Performance Noise
Arousal Hypothesis
performance
arousal
20
Employee Selection Ability Testing
21
Occupational Rehabilitation
22
Environmental effects on Performance Stress Di
sturbed concentration Impaired
memory Impaired decision making Mood
changes Sleep disturbance
23
Acute Stress and Chronic Stress
Common After-effects Leave behind Life
threatening One-off Ever-present By proxy
24
Chronic Hazards - People
25
21st Century White Satanic Mills
26
(No Transcript)
27
Office Work Veal Fattening
Crate Small, cramped office workstations
built of fabric covered disassemblable wall
partitions and inhabited by junior staff members.
Named after the small pre-slaughter cubicles used
by the cattle industry Douglas Coupland in Life
After God (being ironic) Do farm animals get
better conditions than some workers?
28
Commuting Cattle Truck Syndrome Chronic
health problems exacerbated by train
travel? Cumulative impact theory Increased B.P,
Anxiety, Chronic Heart Conditions Over-crowded
trains / buses Straining public transport
system Lack of control
People develop a constant internal anger on
crowded trains that they cannot easily
displacean individual's immune system could also
be suppressed by stress, making passengers more
susceptible to illnesses
29
Coping with Extreme Hours
30
Karoshi Workaholism Japan, South Korea,
Indonesia, UK (Karojisatsu)
uninterrupted heavy workload

• irregular sleep habits
• decreases in rest
• decrease social time
• alcohol abuse
• increased smoking
• unhealthy diet
• neglecting medical checks
• breakdown in family life

heavy physical work
excessive demands from irregular overtime and
shift work
excessive workloads from emotional stress, such
as responsibility, transfers, and conflicts
31
After a hard day at the office . . . Heavy
drinking and smoking expected with
colleagues Metropolis few health clubs near
workplaces
32
Deviance in the Workplace
33
Approaches to health and safety Change
situation Legislation limited Engineering reac
tive Change attitudes Awareness
campaigns Training Change behaviour Feedback
Reinforcement
34
Contributors to health safety Technical
measurements and systems Protective
equipment Human behaviour Management of
the above

Workers Happy Safe ProductiveHealthful


35
How behavioural science can help Why do people
ignore health safety rules? How can risky
behaviour be changed? What behavioural science
can do? Describe human behaviour thought
Explain human behaviour thought Predict
human behaviour thought
Unifying theory of behaviour? If it existed we
would know it
36
Human Behaviour Model PPE use
Personality motivation goals attitudes influences
Sensory defects
Sensory input vision taste hearing olfactory touch
Perceptual processing
Behavioural output Speech Actions
Protective clothing
Intelligence knowledge skills
Hale, 1999
37
Sensory defects Sense Natural and imposed
sensory defects of PPE sight colour blind,
astigmatism, long sight, short sight,
monocular vision, cataracts, distortion by
PPE hearing obstructed ear canal, perforated
ear drum, middle ear damage, alcohol,
obstruction from PPE taste smell lack of
sensitivity, genetic limitations, catarrh,
hindrance from PPE touch severed nerves,
genetic defects, lack of sensitivity from
PPE balance Menieres disease, alcohol,
rapidity, asymmetry of PPE
Ridley Channing 1999
38
Perceptual processing
I2
A
B
C
I4
39
Perceptual processing
Personality
Contextual cues
Magic eye
40
Personality Impulsiveness Venturesomeness Empat
hisers
unstable
choleric
melancholy
extroverted
introverted
phlegmatic
sanguine
stable
Eysenck
41
Division of attention Attention can be divided
successfully 1. Automated processing
(practice) Kentucky Fried Movie 2.
Simple tasks 3. Disparate tasks
42
Types of errors Skill Based Auto pilot Rule
Based Selection of appropriate routine to solve
problem Perceptual set New problem
solving No rules to apply Rely on background
knowledge or intuition
43
Skill Based Errors (failure of attention) 1.
Unintentional move from one routine to another 2.
Interruption of routine steps repeated steps
omitted 3. Deliberate short cuts Rule Based
Errors Linked to built-in bias in decision
making Interpretation and reliance of prior
experience Knowledge Based Errors Poor
understanding Inadequate time Human tendency to
revert to Rule Based performance
44
Motivation Hierarchy of needs GROWTH
NEEDS HOMOSTATIC NEEDS PEOPLE ALWAYS
BEHAVE AS IF SELF- PRESERVATION IS A BASIC GOAL?
Self actualisation (personal growth and
fulfilment)
Esteem (self and others)
Belonging (group membership, affection,
companionship)
Security (safety, stability, continuity)
Bodily needs (food, drink, safety)
Maslow 1954
45
Understanding risk Quantification Risky
activities Car travel local Car travel -
motorway Air travel Hang gliding Atmospheric
pollution UK Beef consumption Nuclear
power Swimming at UK beaches Power
lines Alcohol Smoking Travelling alone Major
surgery Leaving cd player in car Eating
dinner Getting dressed How can this be
quantified reliably?
46
Factors affecting risk perception Is the
activity involving Voluntary or
involuntary? Uncertainty about consequences? Famil
iar vs unfamiliar hazards? Immediate vs delayed
consequences? Many vs few people? Named
lives? Catastrophic consequences? Any benefits
and to whom? Characteristics of assessors /
experts?
47
Behaviour Antecedent (initiates
behaviour) (a) Behaviour (b) Consequences (re
inforcement) (c) Performance management Positiv
e reinforcement Desired consequences happen
Negative reinforcement Un-Desired consequences
do not happen Un-Desired consequences
happen - - Desired consequences do not happen -
48
Three Features of Consequences Timing delayed i
mmediate easily attributed Reliability certain
ty of occurrence easily attributed Nature Posi
tive preferred
The best consequences are
Soon
Certain
Positive
49
Summary of Behavioural reinforcement
Likelihood of behaviour
decrease
increase
something given
Positive reinforcement
Punishment
Negative reinforcement
Extinction
something removed
Ridley Channing 1999
50
Behavioural Analysis Objective Identify
desired consequences which reinforce
behaviour 1. Identify behaviour 2. List
reasons for it occurring 3. List consequences
achieved 4. List features of those consequences
51
ABC analysis why do workers do not adjust their
workstations? Antecedent Behaviour Consequence
Saves time MSD Eye strain No immediate
effects Seen as cool and easy going
soon certain later uncertain - later
uncetain - Soon certain Soon
certain
Fails to adjust workstation
Ridley Channing 1999
52
Monitoring observation Baseline data Agreed
Goals Participant observation Daily
observation Hawthorne effect Uncertainty
principle Feedback the observation Verbal
Graphical Factual - objective Accurate
53
Monitoring observation
Ridley Channing 1999
54
Role of Management Inform workforce Supportive
process Encourage active involvement Allow time
for training and observation sessions Results /
change not immediate Attend goal setting
meetings Positive reinforcement of reaching
goals Inform, and enlist help and support of
senior management
55
Communication Structure
56
Horizon Scanning..
Country of unpaid overtime Workaholic nation
Home Working Isolated Working
Hearing difficulties in young workers the ipod
syndrome
Fatter Workforces Crouch Syndrome
Podcasting of materials
Workplace suicide
Robotic Colleagues
Vocal Hygiene
57
Further Reading Cooper, C.L., and Sutherland,
V.J Job Stress, Mental Health and Accidents
among Offshore Workers in Oil and Gas extraction
Industries. Journal of Occupational Medicine
(1987) 29. Gann, M., Corpe, U., and Wilson, I.
(1990) The Application of a Short Anxiety and
Depression Questionnaire to Oil Industry Staff.
Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine
40 Glazner, L.K. Shift Work and its effects on
fire fighters and nurses. Occupational Health
Safety, July 1992 Hanecke, K., Tiedemann, S.,
Nachreiner, F., and Grzech-Sukalo, H Accident
risk as a function of hour at work and time of
day as determined from accident data and exposure
models for the German working population.
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and
Health (1998) 24(3).
58
Further Reading Harrington, J.M., Shiftwork and
health a critical review of the literature.
London, The Stationary Office, 1978.
Harrington, JM. (2001) Health effects of shift
work and extended hours of work.Occup Environ
Med 58 68-72. Jackson CA and Cox T. Health and
well-being of working age people. ESRC Seminar
Series. ESRC. London. 2006 Jackson,C.A. (2002)
Working hours and shifts in the petrochemical and
gas industries a review. Croners Occupational
Hygiene 34 13-17. Jackson,C.A., Spurgeon,A. and
DeJong.G Mental Health of expatriate oil workers
on extended twelve hour shifts in a desert-based
oil field. Society of Petroleum Engineers. SPE
61016.
59
Further Reading Lees, R., and Laundry, B.R.
Comparison of reported workplace morbidity in
8-hour and 12-hour shifts in one plant. Journal
of the Society of Occupational Medicine (1989)
39. Lodden, T., The Effect on the Health and
Safety of Older Offshore Personnel - Long Shifts
and Working Night Shift. Society of Petroleum
Engineers. SPE 60996. Parkes, K.R. Sleep
patterns, Shift work, and Individual Differences
A Comparison of Onshore and Offshore Control-Room
Operators. Ergonomics (1994) 37(5). Rosa, R.R
Performance, alertness, and sleep after 3.5 years
of 12 hour shifts a follow-up study. Work and
Stress (1991) 5(2). Spurgeon A, Harrington JM,
Cooper CL. (1997) Health and safety problems
associated with long working hours a review of
the current position. Occup Environ Med
54367-375.