Personality

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Personality
Who are you ?
Who am I ?
Who are we ?

• See Ch. 11 in Text

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Personality

• An individual's unique pattern of thoughts,
  feelings, and behaviors that persists over time
  and across situations
• Two key components
• Personality refers to unique differences
• Personality is presumed to be stable enduring

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Psychodynamic Theories

• Psychodynamic theories see behavior as a product
  of psychological forced within the individual,
  often outside conscious awareness
• Five propositions common to all psychodynamic
  theories
• Much of mental life is unconscious
• Mental processes such as emotions, motivations
  thought may conflict with one another
• Early childhood experiences strongly affect
  personality development
• Our mental representation of ourselves and others
  guides our interactions with others
• Development of personality involves learning to
  regulate sexual and aggressive urges

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Sigmund Freud

• Best known of psychodynamic theorists
• Freud was first to stress the unconscious
• The unconscious is all the ideas, thoughts, and
  feelings of which we are normally not aware

• Freuds ideas form the basis for psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalytic Approach

• Developed by Sigmund Freud
• Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and
  a theory of personality
• Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main
  causes of behavior lie buried in the
  unconscious mind

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Structure of Personality
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Psychoanalytic Approach
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Conscious - all things we are aware of at
any given moment
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Preconscious - everything that
can, with a little effort, be brought into
consciousness
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Unconscious - inaccessible
warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives
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Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind

• Id - instinctual drives present at birth
• does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
• operates according to the pleasure principle
• Ego - develops out of the id in infancy
• understands reality and logic
• mediator between id and superego
• Superego - develops over time
• internalization of societys moral standards
• responsible for guilt

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Id

• Collection of unconscious urges and desired that
  continually seek expression
• Operates according to the Pleasure Principle
  i.e. seeks immediate pleasure and to avoid
  pain
• Operates entirely in the unconscious mind

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Ego

• Mediates between reality, conscience (superego),
  and instinctual needs (id)
• Operates according to the Reality Principle
• Operates at the conscious, preconscious, and
  unconscious levels

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Superego

• The social and parental standards that have been
  internalized
• Conscience
• Our sense of morality
• Ego Ideal
• The standard of what one would like to be
• We are not born with the superego, but it
  develops over time
• Operates at the conscious, preconscious
  unconscious levels

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Freuds Development of Personality

• Freud believed that personality development is
  the result of various ways in which the sexual
  instinct (also called the libido) is satisfied
  during the course of life
• There are several stages, each focusing on
  different bodily areas
• These stages are called the psychosexual stages

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Defense Mechanisms

• Anxiety is produced when the ego cannot satisfy
  the demands of the id in a way acceptable to the
  superego
• This anxiety causes feelings of uneasiness and
  worry
• Ego may employ any of a number of defense
  mechanisms to protect the conscious mind from
  this anxiety

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Defense Mechanisms

• Denial
• Refusal to acknowledge a painful reality
• Repression
• Unpleasant thoughts are excluded from
  consciousness
• Projection
• Attributing ones feelings, motives, wishes on/to
  others
• Identification
• Taking on traits of others to avoid feeling
  incompetent
• Regression
• Reverting to childlike behavior

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Defense Mechanisms

• Intellectualization
• Thinking about stressful problems in an abstract
  way to detach oneself from them
• Reaction Formation
• Expression of exaggerated ideas and emotions that
  are opposite of true feelings
• Displacement
• Shift repressed motives from an original object
  to a substitute object
• Sublimation
• Redirecting repressed motives and feelings into
  socially acceptable activities

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Defense Mechanisms--Activity

• Choose Five (5) of the mechanisms and prepare
  brief scenarios representing each.
• Depth 2-3 sentencesjust be sure to fully explain
  the response/reaction to clearly connect
  w/mechanism.
• Denial
• Repression
• Projection
• Identification
• Regression
• Intellectualization
• Reaction Formation
• Displacement
• Sublimation

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Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Were Freuds theories the best of his time or
were they simply incorrect?
Current research contradicts many of
Freuds specific ideas
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Freuds Ideas as Scientific Theory
Theories must explain observations and offer
testable hypotheses
Few Objective Observations
Few Hypotheses
Freuds theories based on his recollections
interpretations of patients free
associations, dreams slips of the tongue
Does Not PREDICT Behavior or Traits
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Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories

• Culture-bound ideas
• Freud made no connection between womens
  subordinate status in society and their sense of
  inferiority
• Psychodymanic theories are largely untestable in
  any scientific way

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Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories

• Carl Jung Collective Unconscious
• Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
• Karen Horney Focus on Security
• Erik Erikson Psychosocial Development
• THEN
• HUMANISTS
• Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
• Carl Rogers Person-Centered Perspective

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Carl Jung

• Shared Freuds emphasis on unconscious processes
• Personal Unconscious
• That part of the unconscious mind containing an
  individuals thoughts and feelings
• Collective Unconscious
• The part of the unconscious that is inherited and
  common to all members of a species

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Archetypes

• Ideas/categories in the collective unconscious
• Examples of archetypes
• Persona
• Our public self
• Anima
• Female archetype as expressed in male personality
• Animus
• Male archetype as expressed in female personality

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Jungs five (5) main archetypes The Self the
regulating center of the psyche and facilitator
of individuation The Shadow the opposite of
the ego image, often containing qualities that
the ego does not identify with, but possesses
nonetheless The Anima the feminine image in
a man's psyche or


The Animus the masculine image in
a woman's psyche The Persona how we present to
the world, usually protects the Ego from negative
images(acts like a mask)
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Anima Projection The unindividuated man
identifies with those personal qualities that are
symbolically masculine. He develops these
potentialities and to some extent integrates
their unconscious influences into his conscious
personality. However, he does not recognize
qualities that are symbolically feminine as part
of his own personality but rather projects them
onto women.
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Anima Projection The unindividuated man
identifies with those personal qualities that are
symbolically masculine. He will project his
animathose particular characteristics and
potentialities that are significant components of
his personal unconscious and therefore carry a
special emotional chargeonto a few women for
whom he will then feel a strong and compelling
emotion (usually positive but occasionally
negative). Infatuation (an instant, powerful
attraction for a woman about whom he knows
little) is one of the signs of anima projection,
as is a compulsive possessiveness.
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Animus Projection The unindividuated woman
identifies with those personal qualities that are
symbolically feminine. She develops these
potentialities and to some extent integrates
their unconscious influences into her conscious
personality. However, she does not recognize
qualities that are symbolically masculine as part
of her own personality but rather projects them
onto men.
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Animus Projection The unindividuated woman
identifies with those personal qualities that are
symbolically feminine. She will project her
animusthose particular characteristics and
potentialities that are significant components of
her personal unconscious and therefore carry a
special emotional chargeonto a few men for whom
she will then feel a strong and compelling
emotion (usually positive but occasionally
negative). Infatuation (an instant, powerful
attraction for a man about whom she knows little)
is one of the signs of animus projection, as is a
compulsive possessiveness.
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Anima Possession
Since the
unindividuated man has not consciously developed
any of his symbolically feminine qualities (e.g.
emotion, need for relatedness), his personality
is apt to be taken over or "possessed" by these
qualities at times, so that his emotional
behavior and relationships may be acted out in
childish and immature ways that are apparent to
others but not to him.
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Animus Possession
Since the
unindividuated woman has not consciously
developed any of her symbolically masculine
qualities (e.g. logic, leadership, need for
independence), her personality is apt to be taken
over or "possessed" by these qualities at times,
so that she appears opinionated, argumentative,
or domineering to others, though she will not
think of herself that way.
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Anima/Animus Integration

We can avoid anima/animus possession and
withdraw projections by integrating the
contrasexual archetype into consciousness,
realizing we are cutting off our human potential
by recognizing and developing only those symbolic
qualities that match the sex of our bodies.
Androgyny is symbolized in narratives through
achievement of a special bond (frequently sexual
union/marriage) between the ego-bearer and the
anima/animus figure.
Integration of the Anima/Animus is often termed
Androgyny.
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Attitude Types

• Extraverts
• Focus on external world social life
• Introverts
• Focus on internal thoughts feelings
• Jung felt that everyone had both qualities, but
  one is usually dominant

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Personality Types

• Rational individuals
• People who regulate their actions through
  thinking and feeling
• Irrational individuals
• People who base their actions on perceptions,
  either through their senses or intuition

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Personality Types TYPE A THE
competitor/achiever TYPE B THE
SOCIALIZER/dreamer TYPE C the detailed
designer TYPE D the reticent, yet reliable
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TYPE A Competitor/Achiever
Risk taker

Very independent

Direct, to the
point (blunt) may alienate coworkers
Dislike routine

Competitive / Driven / High Achievers
Entrepreneurs/Business/Go
vernment leaders Embrace change
especially if their idea.
Look for practical solutions

Prone to High Blood Pressure
High sense of
time urgency.
Often work on own
projects, not willing to share or delegate.

Prone to
being workaholic
Studies reveal Type A's
generally felt insecure at one point of their
lives and so they decided to fight the insecurity
by changing their lives and making achievements
as fast as they can.
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TYPE B Socializer/Dreamer Highly
extroverted
Love the
spotlight Entertaining
Charismatic

Relaxed/Easy-going
Dreaming
vs. Doing
Creative Imaginative

Patient Philosophical

Non-competitive
Common
in Sales and marketing
Can be achievers, but not
as competitive as Type A's.
May delay work and do it in the last moment
May be
procrastinators
Often struggle
with success due to procrastination,
follow-through.
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TYPE C Detailed Designer Antithesis of Type
B
Introverted

Detail-Oriented/Focused
/Meticulous
May have
trouble communicating to/with other people.

Talented crunching numbers
/or writing program code

Tend to be very cautious and
reserved
Will not venture into something until
all facts ckd out. Can spend
a lot of time trying to find out how things work
and this makes them very suitable for technical
jobs. e.g. accountants, programmers, and
engineers Not assertive and
suppress their own desires even if there is
something that they dislike. Lack
of assertiveness tends to result in stress
depression.

More vulnerable to depression compared to type A
type B.
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TYPE D Reticent, yet Reliable
Antithesis of Type A

Not adventurous
Resist
change Prefer routine
Work behind the scenes
with predictable results
Reliable follower

Resist responsibility prefer to be told what
to do Punctual, Consistent,
Compliant
Social Inhibition

Pessimistic Reticent

Lack of self assurance
May
experience negative emotions like hostility,
anxiety, anger, depressed mood, tension and view
of self. Research 3X for future
cardiovascular issues risk for clinical
depression, anxiety and poor mental health due
to increased levels of anxiety, irritation and
depressed mood across situations and time, while
not sharing these emotions with others because of
fear of disapproval."
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• Personality Types
• but wait, theres more
• Not uncommon to find people with a blend of
  personalities, particularly A-B and C-D.
• These basic personality types explain why some
  people work well together and others do not.
• For example Type-A clashes with Type-D
  simply because one is more adventurous
  than the other, Type-B clashes with Type-C
  one exhibits extroverted
  personality-other introverted. Conversely,
  Type-A works well with Type-B And, Type-C
  works well with Type-D.

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• Personality Types
• and lastly
• Personality traits, though fairly embedded
  through our early years, can be -- and have been
  -- changed.
• There are many factors which design our primary
  types Nature AND Nurture.
• Certainly, genetics may play a guiding role as
  the template.
• However, birth order, social experiences,
  activities, benchmark moments, belief systems,
  culture, necessity, demographic variables, family
  dynamics, etc. all play a role to some extent.

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Alfred Adler 1870 1937

• Compensation
• Our efforts to overcome real or
  perceived weaknesses
• Inferiority Complex
• Fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that
  can lead to emotional and social paralysis

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Alfred Adler
Single "drive" or motivating force behind all our
behavior and experience. Motivating force the
striving for perfection. -the desire we all have
to fulfill our potentials, to come closer to
our ideal. Basic motivation compensation
-striving to overcome. Our personalities the
ways in which we do -- or don't -- compensate or
overcome those problems.
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Alfred Adler
Striving for superiority Teleology. Unlike
Freud, Adler saw motivation as a matter of moving
towards the future, rather than being driven,
mechanistically, by the past. So what makes so
many of us self-interested? Adler says it's a
matter of being overwhelmed by our Inferiority
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Alfred Adler
If overwhelmed by the forces of inferiority --
whether it is your body hurting, people around
you holding you in contempt, or just the general
difficulties of growing up -- you develop an
Inferiority Complex. Inferiority complex is a
neurosis, a life-size problem. -One
becomes shy timid, insecure, indecisive,
cowardly, submissive, compliant Begin to rely on
people to carry you along, even manipulating them
into supporting you
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Alfred Adler
You can also develop a Superiority
Complex. Superiority Complex involves covering up
inferiority by pretending to be superior. Four
psychological types Ruling type. They are, from
childhood on, characterized by a tendency to be
aggressive and dominant over others. Leaning
type. They are sensitive people who have
developed a shell around themselves which
protects them, but they must rely on others to
carry them through life's difficulties.
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Alfred Adler
Four psychological types cont. Avoiding type.
-The lowest levels of energy, only survive
by avoiding life, especially other people.
-When pushed to the limits, tend to become
psychotic, retreating finally into
their own personal worlds. Socially Useful type.
This is the healthy person, one who has
both social interest and energy.
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Karen Horney (1885-1952)

• Viewed anxiety as powerful motivating force
• Environmental and social factors seen as
  important
• Neurotic trends
• Irrational strategies for
  coping w/ emotional problems

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Family Dynamics
Karen had on-going conflicts with her strict
father (a Sea Captain). Karen's mother was more
flexible. She married man that shared some of
these same authoritarian qualities. Her older
brother, Brendt, was the favorite child Karen
felt that she had been unwanted. Karen was very
attached to Brendt.
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Depression
Karen Horney struggled w/ depression. Her
struggles/difficulties helped her understand the
dynamics of neurosis. Her analysis of neurosis
has been recognized as very insightful, and her
theories are enjoying a renewal of interest.
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The Cause of Neurosis
Main source of neurosis
gtfeelings of anxiety, obsessive thoughts
and a degree of social or interpersonal
maladjustment. in the experience of betrayal
in not being loved
in being helpless to bring about that
love.
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Causes
Lack of genuine warmth/affection for the child.

Parent not necessarily abusive,
but indifferent-- unaware of effects of her/his
behavior on child. Translates into behaviors
like Unjust reprimands

Unfulfilled promises
Unpredictable changes
between scornful
rejection and overindulgence
Ridiculing
independent thinking
Spoiling child's interest in her/his pursuits.
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First reaction is hostility. But, as the child
needs the parent, and hostility threatens that
bond, hostility is repressed. The repression of
basic hostility results in basic anxiety
feeling lonely and helpless in a hostile
world.
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I Am not Worthy to Be Loved
The "despised real self" says I am truly a
disgraceful creature, a bad person, someone that
no one can truly love
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But I Should
The Ideal Self saysPeople would love me if I
were kinder, more athletic, more outgoing, more
unselfish, a better friend, parent, mate. They
would love me if I were more courageous, more
disciplined, achieved more This is a Neurotic
Solution to the conflict --as no one can be such
a person.
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The Tyranny of the Shoulds
A person can be driven by these demands of the
ideal self. These demands are impossible, the
attempts to satisfy the "shoulds" is bound to
fail. Thus, self hate feelings of false guilt
increase, as well as despair helplessness.
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Alienation from the Self

• When succumbing to the tyranny of the "shoulds"
  individuals will
• Hate themselves, not want to really know
  themselves, want to run from themselves
• Lose their own creativity as they strive to
  please
• Feel despair -- helpless in the face of their own
  behavior.

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Horney's Concept of the Self
The Actual self the person you actually are
--regardless of anyone's perceptions The Real
self the core of your being, your potential,
need to be who you are truly (the subjective view
of the actual self). The Despised Real self
negative view of the self, based on the lack of
love and acceptance by others. The Ideal self
the perfect self you think you should be, so you
can be loved.
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How can I keep you from hurting me?
I'll be so nice helpful, conforming,
self-effacing solution, moving toward people I'll
control things, manipulate, exploit, attack if
needed the expansive solution of moving against
people I'll grow my own protective shell, be
independent, rebellious, or not look at painful
things the resignation solution moving away
from people
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If those Defensive Strategies Become a Lifestyle
Moving toward people leads to a COMPLIANT
personality with these traits Need for affection
and approval Need for a dominant partner Moving
against people leads to an AGGRESSIVE personality
with these traits Need for power, exploitation,
prestige, admiration Need for achievement Moving
away from people lead to a DETACHED personality
with these traits Need for perfection Setting
narrow limits to life
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Some Auxiliary Defenses (1)
Externalization
Other people become the center of the
neurotic's life. Result feeling of inner
emptiness. Creation of blind spots
Inability to see how different one is
from one's ideal image Compartmentalization
Between various areas of
life e.g. business, family,
church
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Auxiliary Defenses (2)
Rationalization e.g. I did this to make them
happy (no--to make them like you) Excessive
self-control Don't want to be caught in any
emotion, vulnerability Arbitrary rightness
Seemingly impulsive decisions (to avoid the pain
of real decision making) that are then
rationalized. Elusiveness Constant clouding of
issues Cynicism Assuming that self-interest is
the only motivation in operation, and therefore
behaving that way oneself.
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Humanistic Personality Theories

• Humanistic view asserts the fundamental goodness
  of people and their constant striving toward
  higher levels of functioning
• Does not dwell on past occurrences, but rather
  focuses on the present and future

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Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic motivation is when one is
motivated by external factors, as opposed to the
internal drivers of intrinsic motivation.
Extrinsic motivation drives one to do things for
tangible rewards or pressures, rather than for
the fun of it. Example
Supermarkets use loyalty
cards and discounts, airlines use air miles,
companies use bonuses and commissions. Extrinsic
motivation is everywhere.
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Intrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic motivation is when one is motivated
by internal factors, as opposed to the external
drivers of extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic
motivation drives one to do things just for the
fun of it, or because one believes it is a good
or right thing to do. Example
Most
people's hobbies are intrinsically motivated.
Notice the passion with which people collect
items or build detailed models. Few people carry
that passion into their workplace.
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Motivation Team Activity
1) Discuss activities, pursuits, etc.
that you would consider intrinsically motivating
for you. 2) Discuss and respond to the statement
below There is no such thing as intrinsic
motivationwe are always motivated by some
extrinsic reward in al that we do. Agree?
Disagree? Why?
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The Humanistic Perspective
Maslows Self-Actualizing Person
Rogers Person-Centered Perspective
Healthy rather than Sick Individual greater
than the sum of test scores
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Maslow Self-Actualization
Self-Actualization the process of fufilling our
potential

• Studied healthy, creative people
• Eleanor Roosevelt, Abe Lincoln,
• Tom Jefferson
• Self-Aware Self-Accepting
• Open Spontaneous
• Loving Caring
• Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

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• Abraham Maslow is a Humanistic Psychologist.
• Humanists do not believe that human beings are
  pushed and pulled by mechanical forces, either of
  stimuli and reinforcements (behaviorism) or of
  unconscious instinctual impulses
  (psychoanalysis).
• Humanists focus upon potentials.
• They believe that humans strive for an upper
  level of capabilities.

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• Abraham Maslow developed a Theory of Motivation
  and Personality that has influenced a number of
  different fields, including education.
• This wide influence is due in part to the high
  level of practicality of Maslow's theory.
• This theory accurately describes many realities
  of personal experiences.

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Hierarchy Of Needs
Physiological Needs
Biological needs oxygen, food, water, and
a relatively constant body temperature, etc.
The strongest needs because if a person were
deprived of all needs, the physiological ones
would come first in the person's search for
satisfaction.
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(2) Safety
Adults have
little awareness of their security needs except
in times of emergency or periods of
disorganization in the social structure (such
as widespread rioting). Children often display
the signs of insecurity and the need to be
safe.
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(3) Love, Affection and Belongingness
When needs for safety and
physiological well-being are satisfied, the next
class of needs for love, affection and
belongingness can emerge. People seek to
overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation.
Involves both giving and receiving love,
affection sense of belonging.
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(4) Esteem
These involve needs
for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person
gets from others. Humans have a need for a
stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect
and respect from others. When these needs are
satisfied, the person feels self-confident and
valuable as a person in the world. When these
needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior,
weak, helpless and worthless.
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(5) Self-Actualization
When all of the foregoing
needs are satisfied, then and only then are the
needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow
describes self-actualization as a person's need
to be and do that which the person was "born to
do." "A musician must make music, an artist must
paint, and a poet must write."
These needs make themselves felt in
signs of restlessness. The person feels on edge,
tense, lacking something, in short, restless. If
a person is hungry, unsafe, not loved or
accepted, or lacking self-esteem, it is very easy
to know what the person is restless about. It is
not always clear what a person wants when there
is a need for self-actualization.
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• (6) Peak Experiences
  Peak
  experiences are sudden feelings of intense
  happiness and well-being, and possibly the
  awareness of "ultimate truth" and the unity of
  all things.
• Accompanying these experiences is a heightened
  sense of control over the body and emotions, and
  a wider sense of awareness, as though one were
  standing upon a mountaintop.
• The experience fills individual w/ wonder awe.
• She/he feels at one with the world and is pleased
  with it she or he has seen the ultimate truth or
  the essence of all things.

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Maslow states that parents, mentors, teachers,
etc. should respond to the potential an
individual has for growing into a
self-actualizing person of his/her own kind. Ten
points that should be addressed are listed

• We should teach people to be authentic, to be
  aware of their inner selves and to hear their
  inner-feeling voices.
• We should teach people to transcend their
  cultural conditioning and become world citizens.
• We should help people discover their vocation in
  life, their calling, fate or destiny. This is
  especially focused on finding the right career
  and the right mate.

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4. We should teach people that life is precious,
that there is joy to be experienced in life, and
if people are open to seeing the good and joyous
in all kinds of situations, it makes life worth
living. 5. We must accept the person as he or
she is and help the person learn their inner
nature. From real knowledge of aptitudes and
limitations we can know what to build upon, what
potentials are really there. 6. We must see that
the person's basic needs are satisfied. This
includes safety, belongingness, and esteem needs.

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7. We should refresh consciousness, teaching the
person to appreciate beauty and the other good
things in nature and in living. 8. We should
teach people that controls are good, and complete
abandon is bad. It takes control to improve the
quality of life in all areas. 9. We should teach
people to transcend the trifling problems and
grapple with the serious problems in life. These
include the problems of injustice, of pain,
suffering, and death. 10. We must teach people
to be good choosers. They must be given practice
in making good choices.
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• Maslow Team Activity
  
• Discuss where you are on the pyramid and
  share with your team.
• 2) Discuss and respond to the statement below
• One must have a depth and breadth of life
  experience(s) in order to truly achieve
  self-actualization and/or peak experiences.
• Agree? Disagree? Why?

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Erik Erikson

• Eight stages of development
• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair

1902 1994
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Lawrence Kohlbergs
Stages of Moral Development
1927 - 1987

• Preconventional (preadolescence)
• Good behavior is mostly to avoid punishment or
  seek reward
• Conventional (adolescence)
• Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later
  adolescence, becoming a good citizen
• Postconventional
• Emphasis is on abstract principles such as
  justice, equality, and liberty

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Criticisms of Kohlbergs Theory

• Research shows that many people never progress
  past the conventional level
• Theory does not take cultural differences into
  account
• Theory is considered by some to be sexist in that
  girls often scored lower on tests of morality