Chapter 3 – Colonial Life

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Chapter 3 – Colonial Life

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Title: Chapter 3 – Colonial Life


1
Chapter 3 Colonial Life
Section Notes
Video
Political Life in the Colonies The Colonial
Economy Americas Emerging Culture The French and
Indian War
Colonial Life
Maps
Thirteen Colonies, 1750 Triangular Trade The
French and Indian War in New York European Claims
in North America
History Close-up
South Carolina Rice Plantation, 17301750
Quick Facts
Images
Rising Tensions between England and America,
16511689 Key Political Thinkers of the European
Enlightenment Visual Summary Colonial Life
Phillis Wheatley African Population in the
Colonies, 1700 Political Cartoon Join, or
Die The Old Plantation
2
Political Life in the Colonies
  • Main Idea
  • British mercantilist policies and political
    issues helped shape the development of the
    American colonies.
  • Reading Focus
  • What is mercantilism?
  • How did the Glorious Revolution and the English
    Bill of Rights affect political developments in
    the colonies?
  • How did government in the colonies change under
    the policy of salutary neglect?

3
Mercantilism
  • Colonists smuggled goods because they felt
    England was taxing them unfairly.
  • The English felt taxing was fair because profit
    was the major incentive for colonizing America.
  • Mercantilism a nations power was directly
    related to its wealth
  • Balance of Trade a goal of mercantilism the
    colonists could supply raw materials to England
    and could buy English goods

4
Mercantilism
  • England prevented its colonies from trading with
    other nations to maintain balance of trade.
  • England only wanted certain American products,
    such as fur and timber.
  • Colonists produced other products like wheat and
    fish that the English did not want.
  • Colonists often could get higher prices for their
    goods from the French, Spanish, or Dutch.

5
Mercantilism
  • English laws passed to control colonial trade
  • Only English ships with English crews could take
    goods to England.
  • Limited the products that could be shipped to
    England or English colony
  • All shipments to colonies had to go through
    England.
  • Merchants had to pay a tax on certain goods tax
    collectors were sent to the colonies.

NavigationActs
  • Increased English profits, but also increased law
    enforcement in America
  • Lumber and shipbuilding business was up in the
    colonies England needed more ships for trade.
  • Many colonists ignored the laws and smuggled.

Effects
6
The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of
Rights
  • New England colonists did not want to be governed
    in such a way that it hurt their own economies.
  • Their industries began to compete with those in
    England.
  • When Massachusetts refused to enforce Navigation
    Acts, the king made it a royal colony.

7
The Glorious Revolution and The English Bill of
Rights
  • Dominion ofNew England
  • King James created a supercolony of New England,
    New York, and New Jersey
  • Sir Edmund Andros was governor.
  • He wanted colonial charters returned.
  • There was no elected assembly.
  • Andros enforced Navigation Acts.
  • Glorious Revolution
  • King James II was unpopular in England.
  • Jamess daughter, Mary, and her husband, William,
    took over the crown.
  • This change of leadershipthe Glorious Revolution
  • William and Mary accepted the English Bill of
    Rights that limited the monarchs powers.
  • ColonistsReactions
  • Boston
  • Andros and his government were arrested and sent
    to England.
  • New York
  • Rebellion broke out
  • Royal rule returned to New York, but it was
    granted an elected assembly.

8
Government in the Colonies
  • Toward Self-rule
  • During the English Civil War, colonists took
    small steps toward self-government.
  • In 1643 several colonies joined forces in the
    United Colonies of New England.
  • Though Parliament had more power since Glorious
    Revolution, it dealt mainly with mainland
    England.
  • The monarchs and their officials made most
    colonial policy.
  • When war with Spain broke out, colonial
    governments gained some independence.
  • Salutary neglect referred to the fact that many
    English officials made colonial policies, but
    they did not rule the colonies very strictly.
  • Colonial Governments in 1700s
  • Local governments more influential in colonists
    lives
  • Colonial assemblies were bicameral like
    Parliament.
  • Governors council was the upper house.
  • Elected Assembly was lower house like Parliament.
  • Each colony had a governor.

9
The Colonial Economy
  • Main Idea
  • A commerce-based economy developed in the
    northern colonies, while the southern colonies
    developed an agricultural economy.
  • Reading Focus
  • What were the characteristics of northern
    colonial economies?
  • What were the characteristics of southern
    colonial economies?
  • What was the impact of slavery in the colonies?

10
Northern Colonial Economies
  • Agriculture was the main economic activity in
    colonial America.
  • Farming in New England
  • Soil was thin and rocky winters were long,
    growing season short.
  • Subsistence farming, growing just enough food for
    their own family. Some raised extra corn or
    apples or cattle to trade with their neighbors.
    Rarely enough to produce an export crop
  • Farming in the South
  • Better land and milder climate. Grew enough wheat
    to sell grain and flour to other colonies and to
    send abroad
  • Raised cattle and hogs for export
  • Most productive farmers
  • German colonists also known as Pennsylvania
    Dutch. Used fertilizer and crop rotation. Women
    worked in the fields with the men.

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Northern Colonial Economies
  • Natural resources
  • When the number of fur-bearing animals declined,
    the colonists turned to timber (planks, shingles,
    and siding for ships and houses) and fish.
  • Because of Navigation Acts, many coastal towns
    were centers for shipbuilding. It was the largest
    single group in the workforce.
  • Fish
  • Some of the fish was exported to Europe and the
    West Indies. In early 1700s whaling industry
    began in New England. Whale products lamp oil
    and materials used in perfumes, candles, and
    womens corsets

12
Northern Colonial Economies
Colonial industries English goods were expensive,
so colonists made things at home. Small
industries developed
  • Mills run by waterpower ground grain into flour.
  • Distilleries for rum and other alcoholic beverage
    were major businesses
  • Ironworks developed when there were local
    supplies of iron ore.
  • Bricks, leather goods, and glass were made by
    small companies.
  • Cloth was woven (wool and linen) for personal use
    and for sale to merchants.

13
Northern Colonial Economies
  • Trade and commerce
  • Good harbors, inexpensive ships, and a tradition
    of seafaring encouraged the development of
    commerce.
  • Port cities of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia
    were thriving centers of trade.
  • Trade routes that linked the Americas, Europe,
    Africa, and the West Indies are often described
    as the triangular trade.
  • The Middle Passage is the name used by historians
    to describe the journey that enslaved Africans
    made from West Africa across the Atlantic Ocean
    to the West Indies.

14
South Colonial Economies
  • Southern colonies produced valuable cash crops
    (agricultural products grown to be sold).
  • tobacco, the most valuable export
  • indigo (used to make blue dye) and rice
  • naval stores were also produced rope, tar, and
    turpentine which were used to maintain wooden
    ships. These products were in great demand in
    England and produced a great profit.
  • Plantation system
  • Plantation system developed in Virginia and
    Maryland as the tobacco crop increased in
    importance.
  • Planters were wealthy and influential, dominating
    southern society and politics.
  • Plantations needed workers a few huge
    plantations had hundreds of workers, either
    indentured servants or slaves.
  • Most farms were smaller and had less than 30
    workers.
  • Most worked in the fields, though on larger
    plantations, men and women performed other tasks,
    such as shoemaking, weaving, and carpentry.

15
South Colonial Economies
  • Rice and Indigo
  • Biggest crops in South Carolina
  • Low coastal areas were ideal for growing rice.
  • Slaves were used many knew how to grow rice and
    many had more resistance to malaria.
  • Indigo first successful crop grown by Eliza Lucas
    in South Carolina. She was only 18 years old.
  • Small Farms
  • Some farmers had a few enslaved Africans who
    worked in the fields alongside them.
  • Independent yeoman farmers
  • raised livestock and exported beef and port
  • grew corn, wheat, fruit, and vegetables for the
    home market
  • grew tobacco, sold it through large planters

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The Impact of Slavery
  • By the 1600s Portugal, Spain, France, Holland,
    and England were involved in the trans-Atlantic
    slave trade.
  • Most captured Africans were taken to colonies in
    the Caribbean and South America, then to North
    America. Only a small percentage came directly to
    the North American colonies.
  • The Middle Passage (the voyage across the
    Atlantic) was a horrifying experience where men,
    women, and children were packed in the ships
    below-deck quarters.

AfricanSlaveTrade
  • A former slave, wrote a book about his life in
    slavery
  • His description of the Middle Passage horrors
    encouraged readers to call for the end of
    slavery.

Olaudah Equiano
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The Impact of Slavery
  • Why slavery continued
  • At first many African workers were treated as
    indentured servants, but the terms of indenture
    grew longer until they lasted a lifetime.
  • White indentured servants were freed while black
    servants were not. In some colonies, black
    servants lost other rights.
  • The English settlers considered themselves
    superior to the Africans.
  • Historians disagree about why slavery continued
  • For planters, holding slaves cost less than
    indentured servants.
  • Slaves children supplied the next generation of
    workers.
  • The number of people wanting to serve as
    indentured servants dropped.
  • Resisting slavery
  • Many slaves used physical resistance, sabotage,
    or ran away.
  • Stono Rebellion In 1739, 100 enslaved Africans
    in South Carolina took weapons from a firearms
    shop and killed several people.
  • Some skilled artisans bought their freedom by
    hiring out their labor.

18
Americas Emerging Culture
  • Main Idea
  • Enlightenment ideas and the Great Awakening
    brought new ways of thinking to the colonists,
    and a unique American culture developed.
  • Reading Focus
  • What impact did the Enlightenment have in the
    colonies?
  • How was the Great Awakening significant?
  • How did the colonies become more diverse in the
    1700s?
  • What was life like in colonial America?

19
The Enlightenment and the American Colonies
Enlightenment European movement that emphasized
a search for knowledge. Also called the Age of
Reason
  • The Scientific Revolution
  • Scientists began using observation and
    experiments to look for natural laws that
    governed the universe.
  • Some scientists studied physical laws, while
    others looked for order and method in nature.

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The Enlightenment and the American Colonies
  • The Enlightenment in Europe
  • Thinkers in Europe admired the new approach to
    science. They thought that logic and reason could
    also be used to improve society, law, and
    government.
  • English philosopher John Locke said it was the
    duty of government to protect the citizens
    natural rights life, liberty, and property.
  • French Baron de Montesquieu suggested that the
    powers of government be divided.
  • French writer Voltaire criticized intolerance and
    prejudice.
  • Other thinkers wanted to use new ideas to reform
    education, which in turn would improve society,
    criminal justice, and conditions for the poor.

21
The Enlightenment and the American Colonies
The Enlightenment in America John Lockes
writings were widely read in America. They
influenced Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin
Franklin, among others.
  • Jefferson used Lockes theories when he wrote the
    Declaration of Independence.
  • Other American leaders used Enlightenment ideas
    when they drafted the United States Constitution.
  • Franklin and Jefferson were also interested in
    science and invention, applying reason to ask
    questions and find answers.
  • Enlightenment thinkers questioned common beliefs
    and deep-rooted superstitions.

22
The Great Awakening
  • Enlightenment ideas also led some people in the
    colonies to question long-accepted religious
    beliefs, looking for rational, scientific
    explanations for how the universe worked.
  • Changes in religious attitudes
  • Strict groups such as the Puritans were upset by
    the growing tolerance for other beliefs.
  • Some religious leaders worried that material
    values and concern for making money had displaced
    spiritual values. Clergy looked for new ways to
    bring people back to the church.

23
The Great Awakening
  • A revival of religion
  • Great Awakening was a religious revival movement
    in the colonies.
  • Jonathan Edwards, Puritan minister, was one of
    the movement leaders, preached about the agonies
    that sinners would suffer if they did not repent.
  • He was influenced by John Locke and Sir Isaac
    Newton.
  • George Whitefield, British Methodist minister,
    preached throughout the colonies. His strong
    voice moved people to cry and confess their sins.
  • Results
  • Led to increase in church membership in the
    1700sNew Protestant religions grew in America
    Congregational Church, Methodist, Baptist, and
    Presbyterian
  • Was one of first links uniting the colonies
  • Led to creation of several colleges

24
The Colonies Become More Diverse
  • Scots and Scots-Irish settled mainly in the
    middle colonies and Carolinas.
  • Strict Presbyterians
  • Did not like the English government
  • Were ready to fight for political rights
  • Religious unrest in Europe and religious
    tolerance in colonies attracted more people.
  • German colonists (skilled farmers and artisans)
  • French Huguenots (craftsmen and scientists)
  • Jewish communities grew.
  • - Newport
  • - Philadelphia
  • - New York
  • - Charleston

25
Life in Colonial America
  • Colonial cities
  • Some cities had cobblestone streets lit by oil
    lamps. Ships from foreign ports were in the
    harbors. People enjoyed reading mail from
    relatives and English newspapers and magazines.
  • Many cities had libraries, bookshops, and
    impressive public buildings.
  • Places where colonists could see plays and hear
    concerts
  • Markets to shop for produce or European luxury
    goods
  • Schools that taught music, dancing, drawing, and
    painting in addition to traditional classes
  • City life for women no hard farm work, but still
    had household tasks to perform Prosperous women
    had more time for reading and writing.
  • Men and women spent many hours writing letters to
    friends and family.

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Life in Colonial Economies
  • Popular culture
  • Quilting bees and barn raisings were examples of
    work in sociable ways.
  • Northern colonists went ice-skating and sledding
    in winter.
  • Horse racing and hunting
  • Visiting neighbors was favorite pastime
  • Social events dancing, listening to music
  • Communications
  • Printers printed and distributed newspapers,
    books, advertisements, and political
    announcements.
  • First American printer was in Cambridge,
    Massachusetts.
  • Influential newspapers published in Boston, New
    York, and Philadelphia.
  • John Peter Zinger, New York printer, published
    articles that criticized the royal governor.
  • Zinger was arrested, and his newspapers were
    burned.
  • He was tried in court and won the first important
    victory for freedom of the press in the America
    colonies.

27
Life in Colonial America
  • Strong family structure despite the fact that
    real families were split apart. Kinship networks
    were essential.
  • Religion was another strength of the community.
    Many were Christian, but also kept older African
    beliefs.
  • The slave community preserved music and dance
    traditions.
  • African music, foods, and other traditions
    gradually became a part of American culture.

AfricanAmericanCulture
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The French and Indian War
  • Main Idea
  • The French and Indian War established British
    dominance in North America but put a strain on
    the relationship with the colonists.
  • Reading Focus
  • How did France develop an empire in North
    America?
  • Why did Spain and England clash in North America?
  • What were major events in the French and Indian
    War?
  • What were the effects of the French and Indian
    War on all those involved?

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France in North America
  • 1608Champlain started permanent French
    settlement at Quebec
  • Late that century, La Salle claimed Mississippi
    basin for France.
  • French Presence
  • Champlain made allies of the Algonquians and the
    Hurons to protect the fur trade. French helped
    the allies against the Mohawks.
  • French traders lived in Native American villages
    learned the language and married local women.
  • By the early 1700s, French forts at Detroit,
    Niagara, Kaskaskia, and New Orleans bordered the
    English colonies to the west.
  • Power struggle with the English meant constant
    frontier battles.

30
Spain and England Clash
  • They clashed over the area known as La Florida
    much of Georgia, South Carolina, the Florida
    peninsula, and land along the Gulf Coast.
  • Spain wanted to guard the sea routes for Spanish
    treasure ships returning from Mexico.
  • Since the 1500s, there were Spanish missions
    along the Atlantic coast. By the 1600s, they had
    nearly 40 missions in Florida and Georgia.
  • As English colonies expanded southward, Spanish
    missions and settlements were threatened.
  • Carolina slave traders began to attack the
    missions.
  • By 1700, the Spanish presence was only in the
    areas of San Augustine and Pensacola

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The French and Indian War
French and Indian War (17541763) became part of
a larger war between France and Britain, the
Seven Years War. War broke out in the colonies
first, then spread to the European continent.
  • The Iroquois League
  • Alliance of Native Americans that was allied with
    Britain Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga,
    Seneca, and Tuscarora
  • The Alliance had a constitution and a council of
    leaders.
  • Most northeastern Native Americans allied with
    the French.

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The French and Indian War
  • French built Fort Duquesne in Ohio River Valley,
    present-day Pittsburgh.
  • British wanted to build a settlement there.
  • In 1754 an unsuccessful attempt by the British
    militia (led by George Washington) to take the
    land from the French was the first skirmish of
    the French and Indian War.
  • The Albany Plan
  • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin
  • Each colony would keep its own constitution,
    while grand council would deal with military
    issues, Native American relations, and western
    settlement.
  • Was never approved
  • First attempt to unite the colonies

33
The French and Indian War
  • The war continues
  • The first years of the war went badly for the
    British. The French won battle after battle.
  • British officers in America
  • Forced colonists into the army
  • Seized supplies
  • Sent soldiers to stay in colonists houses
  • When colonists resisted these actions, more
    British soldiers were sent from England to fight
    in the war.
  • In 1758, the British began winning the war.
  • When the British took Quebec in 1759, it was the
    turning point in the war.
  • France surrendered in 1760.

34
The French and Indian War
  • The peace treaty
  • 1763Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War
    in Europe and the French and Indian War in North
    America.
  • Britain gained all French land east of the
    Mississippi River, including much of what is now
    Canada.
  • Spain had allied with France. It gave up control
    of Florida to Britain. France gave Spain the
    Louisiana Territory.
  • France kept two islands near Canada and regained
    some Caribbean islands.

35
Effects of the War
  • Ironworkers, shipbuilders, and farmers profited
    by supplying the army.
  • Carolinian and Georgian slave owners benefited
    from the acquisition of Florida because runaway
    slaves could no longer seek haven there.
  • The war forced colonists to work together.
  • British officials thought the colonists should
    pay some of the war expenses.
  • George Grenville, the British prime minister in
    1760, had strict policies that alienated the
    colonists more.
  • Pontiacs Rebellion
  • Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, wanted to drive the
    British out.
  • In 1762 Pontiac allied with most of the Native
    Americans in the Upper Midwest.
  • They attacked British forts and settlements for
    several years, but the British held on.
  • The chief agreed to a peace treaty in 1766.

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Effects of the War
  • Proclamation of 1763
  • Reserved the land west of the Appalachian
    Mountains for Native Americans
  • Gave British officials control of westward
    migration
  • Slowed movement out of cities that were centers
    of trade and prosperity
  • Effects on Native Americans
  • Weakened by war
  • British felt the Iroquois did not fully support
    them and no longer felt friendly toward them.
  • Proclamation of 1763 took native lands.
  • Settlers often ignored the Proclamation.

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