SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM

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SOCIAL STUDIES REMEDIATION FOR THE ALABAMA HIGH
SCHOOL GRADUATION EXAM

• GROWTH OF A NEW NATION (1783-1860)

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LAND ACQUISITIONS AND EXPLORATIONS

• After the Revolutionary, the newly formed United
  States began expanding its territory in North
  America. The following are important land
  acquisitions

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TREATY OF PARIS (1783)

• After the Revolutionary War, Great Britain and
  the United States signed the Treaty of Paris. In
  the treaty, Great Britain recognized the
  independence of the United States and the border
  of the new nation. The border extended to Canada
  in the North, to the Mississippi River in the
  West, and the northern border of Spanish Florida
  in the South.

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LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785

• Stated that the land area from the Ohio River to
  the Mississippi River would be made into new
  states, each with the same rights as the original
  13. When each territory reached the required
  number of people, it could apply for statehood.

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NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)

• Allowed the creation of 3-5 states in the
  Northwest Territory. The law prohibited slavery
  in the territory and guaranteed inhabitants
  freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to
  free public education. Illinois, Ohio, Michigan,
  Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this
  territory.

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THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803)

• President Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure
  trading on the Mississippi River so he sent
  representatives to France to negotiate the
  purchase of New Orleans. Napoleon wasnt
  interested in selling New Orleans because he
  planned to revitalize the French colonial empire
  in the Western Hemisphere. After Toussaint
  LOuverture led the people of Haiti to resist
  French control and Britain resumed its war with
  France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering
  to sell not only New Orleans but the entire
  900,000 square miles of the Louisiana region for
  the small price of 15 million.

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LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION (1804-1806)

• President Jefferson chose his personal secretary,
  Meriwether Lewis, to lead an expedition to find a
  water route to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis chose
  William Clark to help him lead 48 others on this
  adventure. They left from St. Louis in May 1804.
  Along the way they met a very talented Native
  American Shoshone woman named Sacajawea. She
  became their translator and guide. They reached
  the Pacific in November 1805. This led to rapid
  migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest.

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ALABAMA

• Alabama was declared a state in 1819. Alabamas
  admission restored the balance of slave states
  and free states caused by Illinois admission to
  the Union as a free state in 1818.

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PRESIDENT JAMES MONROE

• Democratic-Republican
• 5th President
• During his presidency, people began thinking of
  themselves as citizens of a nation, instead of
  citizens of a state.
• This national unity is known as the Era of Good
  Feelings.

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THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• Declared that the United States would not
  interfere in the internal affairs of European
  countries or independent countries in the
  Americans.

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IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

• 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a
  machine that separated the seeds from the cotton.
  The gin made cotton the most profitable crop in
  the South.
• 1807 Robert Fulton used a steam-powered boat to
  travel up the Hudson River from New York City to
  Albany.
• 1829 British engineer George Stephenson, won a
  competition with his steam-powered locomotive,
  the Rocket.

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A PROTECTIVE TARIFF

• Young U.S. manufacturing industry could not
  compete with low-priced imports from Great
  Britain. Henry clay proposed a protective tariff
  (a tax on import) to keep American manufacturing
  growing. The Tariff of 1816 was passed by
  Congress to raise tariffs on imports by 20.

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INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

• To facilitate interstate commerce, Clay proposed
  internal improvements (better canals and
  roadways) funded by the federal governments
  tariff revenue.

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ROADS AND CANALS

• During Thomas Jeffersons presidency, Congress
  approved funding of the National Road which
  stretched westward from Cumberland, Maryland, to
  Wheeling, Virginia. The National Road was crude
  and often impassable, but by standards of that
  time, it was of high quality.
• Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal provided a new
  shipping route from Buffalo, New York, to Albany,
  New York. The canals success contributed to
  establishing New York City as the major
  commercial center of the United States.

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PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON

• His presidency became known as Jacksonian
  Democracy because property qualifications for
  voting white males were dropped supporters to
  have high positions in government office.
  Jackson openly allowed his friends and supporters
  to have high positions in government office.
  This became known as the Spoils System.

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DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION

• Senator of South Carolina, John Calhoun promoted
  it.
• If Congress passes a bill that is very harmful
  to a particular state, that state is not
  obligated to enforce the federal law. In
  addition, if three-fourths of the states believe
  such a law to be unconstitutional, the law will
  bull and void.

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INDIAN REMOVAL ACT

• In 1830, at Jacksons urging, Congress passed the
  Indian Removal Act, which authorized the
  President to give Native Americans land in parts
  of the Louisiana Purchase (present day Oklahoma)
  in exchange for land taken from them in the East.

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U.S. LITERATURE

• Noah Webster distinguished the language used in
  the United States from the language of Britain
  when he produced the first American Dictionary of
  the English Language in 1828.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson was a poet and was a leader
  in the transcendental movement.
  Transcendentalists believed truth could be found
  beyond the physical world and that all humans
  share in the spiritual unity of creation. They
  believed in individualism and self-reliance and
  had a reverence for nature.
• Henry David Thoreau was a writer, philosopher,
  and a naturalist. He wrote about his motivation
  for living apart from society, his simple
  lifestyle, and his observance of nature. His
  famous works are Walden and Civil Disobedience.

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U.S. LITERATURE

• Walt Whitman was a poet who emphasized the
  great worth of each individual. His break from
  the traditional poetic styles of his day had a
  major influence on American Literature.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne was a novelist who wrote
  about sin, punishment, and atonement. Two of his
  famous novels are The Scarlet Letter and The
  House of Seven Gables.
• Washington Irving wrote the short stories Rip
  Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• Edgar Allen Poe poet and master of the short
  story. Wrote The Tell-Tale Heart and his poem
  The Raven
• James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last of the
  Mohicans

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U.S. LITERATURE

• Emily DickinsonWrote more than 1800 poems. Wrote
  about love, death, and immortality, but only a
  few were published before her death.
• Herman Melville Based his novels on his
  experiences in the U.S. Navy.Wrote Moby Dick,
  dedicated to his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne.
• Henry Wadsworth LongfellowWas a very popular
  poet in the early 1800s.Wrote Paul Reveres
  Ride

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SOCIAL UTOPIAS

• During the time of Westward Expansion, many
  social thinkers started creating utopian
  communities. In theory, these communities would
  be harmonious and provide the world with the best
  example of how to live. Several important
  communities that were started at this time
  included the Amish, the Mennonites, the Shakers,
  and the Quakers.

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AMISH AND MENNONITES

• Established in parts of Pennsylvania, the
  Midwest, and Canada.
• Kept religious purity by living life of
  simplicity and hard work.
• Used the German language in worship.
• Live in agricultural communities.

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SHAKERS

• Established in 1776
• Shakers followed the leadership of Ann Lee.
• All Shakers believed in renouncing marriage in
  favor of celibacy (single life without sex).

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QUAKERS

• Founded by George Fox
• Started as a group of individuals who believed
  that each person was gifted with the inner
  light.
• Gained many followers in the English Colonies in
  North America.
• Noted for their belief in personal divine
  revelation

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TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT

• Members of this movement wanted to moderate the
  use of alcohol.
• Later, they advocated total abstinence from
  alcohol.
• In the 1850s, they supported the Maine laws which
  regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol.

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THE ABOLITION MOVEMENT

• Gained momentum to put an end to slavery.
• Abolitionists believed slavery was wrong, and
  they advocated laws to abolish it.

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HARRIET TUBMAN

• Hero of the abolition movement.
• She escaped slavery by running away to the North.
• She returned to the South secretly, nineteen
  times in order to lead other slaves to freedom by
  using the Underground Railroad. The Underground
  Railroad was not actually a railroad but a
  network of people who helped slaves escape to the
  northern United States or Canada.

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FREDERICK DOUGLASS

• Was so smart and well-spoken that people refused
  to believe he was a slave
• Educated himself and became the most prominent
  African American speaker for the abolition of
  slavery

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HARRIET BEECHER STOWE

• Furthered the abolitionist cause through her
  novel Uncle Toms Cabin
• She was white and had never been a slave
• Her book motivated people in the North and in
  Britain to support the movement to abolish slavery

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SOJOURNER TRUTH

• Was born into slavery but was freed once New York
  emancipated slaves in 1828
• She was illiterate but became well-known for her
  speaking
• Spoke for womens rights and for equality of
  people of all colors

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WOMENS RIGHTS MOVEMENT

• This movement also began to gain momentum in the
  1850s. Two women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
  Susan B. Anthony, are best known for starting and
  supporting this movement.

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ELIZABETH CADY STANTON

• Organized the first womens rights convention
  known as the Seneca Falls Convention
• Believed women and men were created equal and
  fought for womens right to vote
• Also advocated the abolition of slavery

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SUSAN B. ANTHONY

• Supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol
• Supported the abolition movement to free slaves
• Supported the womens rights movement

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WOMENS RIGHTS

• Women who supported the right to vote were known
  as suffragettes
• It was their efforts that changed the
  constitution with the 19th amendment in 1920