Longevity = 12% lower compared to Whites

1
Physical Conditions of Slavery/Free

• Longevity 12 lower compared to Whites
• Natural resistance/ susceptibility
• Malaria, yellow fever sickle cell trait
• Heat/cold frostbite more susceptible (hunting
  reflex)
• Pulmonary conditions more susceptible
  pneumonia, tuberculosis
• Heat acclimatize
• Gastrointestinal flux when milk products
• (lactose deficiency)

N
2

• Environmental variations
• Dietary deficiencies beriberi (thiamine), black
  tongue (niacin)
• Yaws (African, insect carried)
• Occupational cholera, tetanus, black and brown
  lung
• Crib death higher but comparable to poor white
• Food calories exceeded free Black diet by 10
• Housing free 53 slave 52
• Clothing average fieldhand 4 shirts, pants,
  pairs of shoes

3
Westward Expansion

• Events leading to the West
• American Revolution
• over the Appalachians
• 1787 Northwest Ordinance
• 1795 Pinckney Treaty
• 1803 Louisiana Purchase

4

• War of 1812
• Impressment, violation of neutrality rights
• Possibility of new lands
• North sought to attract settlers that might go
  South (obstruct slavery)
• Southwest could spread slavery

5

• Black role
• (slaves promised freedom on both sides)
• North
• NY 2 regiments
• Philadelphia defense of city
• Forten, Jones, Allen
• Battle of Lake Erie
• 50 served with Perry

6

• South
• Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson and free blacks
• same pay and bounty
• Treaty of Ghent return of all property

7

• Groups go West
• Settlers
• Farmers Scotch-Irish, German (religious
  emphasis egalitarian)
• Opportunists less competition than East
• new lands for cotton

8

• Malcontents unable to adjust to civilization
  opportunities, advantages of unsettled region
• Migrators
• Explorers Lewis and Clark Expedition/slave York,
  Sacajawea

9

• Traders Fur trade centers
• Chicago Du Sable
• Missouri Fur Co. Edward Rose
• Minnesota Fur Co. Pierra Bonga
• Rocky Mountain Fur Co.
• James Beckwourth
• apprentice blacksmith in St. Louis, adopted by
  Crow, married chiefs daughter, became chief
  Bloody Arm discovered pass in Sierra Nevadas

10

• Missionaries John Marrant, John Stewart, Jarena
  Lee

11

• Movers
• Slaves of John Randolph freed/ Ohio
• Northampton County, NC/ Indiana
• Edmonia Lewis New York to Oberlin to Boston

12
Growth Trader follows farmer South Central
Cotton and Cane LA. 1812 MS. 1817
AL./FLA. 1819 MO. 1821 TX. 1845 1820 75,000
1840 500,000
MO
MS
AL
TX
LA
FL
13

• North Central
• KY - 1792 TN - 1796
• NW Ordinance no slavery
• OH - 1803 IN - 1816 IL - 1818 MI - 1837
• By 1830 16,000 (788 slaves)

MI
OH
IN
ILL
KY
TN
14

• Efforts to establish bondage
• 1796-1807 Indiana petitions to establish
  bondage/sanctions for indentures
• constitutions of IL/ IN proslavery
• MO - 1821 AR - 1836

MO
ARK
15

• Cases
• William Trail Maryland escape 1841 recaptured,
  won freedom in court, became farmer in Indiana

16

• Free Frank Kentucky slave, purchased freedom of
  wife/ moved to Illinois founded New Philadelphia

17

• John Malvin VA slave father/ mother free/ moved
  to Cleveland 1830, bought ships, organized First
  Baptist Church, opposed segregation - schools,
  seating

18

• Free Blacks QUASI FREE
• Colonial Period - 1810 Status high
• 1790 59,000 in US
• 27,000 North
• 32,000 South
• 1800 increase of 82
• 1820 increase of 71
• 1780 -1800 city population
• Whites 2x Blacks 6x

19

• After 1810 decline
• By 1860
• 44 in South Atlantic
• 46 in North
• 10 in South Central and West
• Maryland highest
• Virginia 2nd
• Pennsylvania 3rd

46
10
44
20
Sources of free Black population

• colonial indentures
• manumissions by master, wills
• meritorious service (service in military,
  informant, heroism)

21
Free Blacks in North

• abolition through court cases or gradual
  emancipation
• purchase through savings or self-hire
• runaways
• birth through free mother (Black or White)

22

• After 1810 Restrictions against manumission
• state laws against manumission/ free causes
  alarm
• Families split
• 1790 1 in 12
• 1800 1 in 10
• 1810 1 in 5

23
Centers of free Black population

• Cities
• South Baltimore, Washington, Charleston, Mobile,
  New Orleans
• North Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Cincinnati
• West Cass County, MI., Wilberforce, OH., Hammond
  County, IND.

24

• Problems
• Occupations closing
• fear of white artisans/ 70 in NC, 130 in Phil.
• Disfranchisement
• vote in MD, NC, NY, PA, TN, IN.
• yet still responsibilities
• pay taxes for entertainment, schools
• (but couldnt attend)

NY
PA
IN
MD
NC
TN
25

• Little distinction between slave and free
• Status insecure White claims, kidnapping, slaves
  could testify against free in court
• Legal reinslavement registration in VA TN, GA, MS

VA
TN
MS
GA
26

• White guardianship FL, GA
• Passes
• Required work -- posting of bonds
• Illegitimate children apprenticed
• Certificates of freedom in possession
• Limited movement to only adjoining counties

GA
FL
27
Prohibitions

• against free immigration fines of 100
• against leaving state
• against possession of arms without license
• against right of assembly
• against church services without
• white minister
• against consorting with slaves
• against selling of certain items
• against working in certain occupations
• against purchasing of alcohol

28
Violence against

• Northern 1819 stoning death of Philadelphia
  woman/Blacks driven from square
• 1829 Cincinnati mob drives out those lacking bond
  of 1000/riot of fugitive slaves 1841
• 1833 Randolphs slaves unwelcome OH
• Riots NY 1834, 1839

29

• Colonization
• Early efforts 1714 - NJ, 1777 - VA
• 1817 American Colonization Society Henry Clay,
  John Randolph/states approved

NJ
VA
30

• EmigrationFree Blacks Fight Back
• Black territorial control
• Paul Cuffe 1815 Liberia
• Martin Delany territorial nationalism
• Central or South America

31

• Early towns not mass movements, for mutual aid,
  escape discrim., leadership
• Nashoba County (Frances Wright) Mercer County
  (John Randolph) Canada Ontario (escaped slaves)
  provided land, econ. self-sufficiency
• Port Royal, SC consequence of military
  occupation

32

• Anti-colonizationists Abolitionists (Forten,
  Douglass)
• Negro Convention Movement 1830-
• to improve conditions - (political, economic,
  social)

33

• Free Black Organizations
• Benevolent societies, fraternal orders
• Masons, Odd Fellows, Star in the East,
  Daughters of Jerusalem
• Social organizations balls, societies

34

• Black church
• l African Methodist Episcopal
• Baptist (most numbers)
• Methodist (most influence)
• Ministers to white congregations
• Samuel Ringgold Ward
• Henry Highland Garnet

35

• Education
• Separate schools Boston 1820 - 1855RI, CT, PA,
  NJNY African Free Schools 1821Ohio excluded in
  1829 - 1849
• Myrtilla Miner Washington
• Institute for Colored Youth in Philadelphia
• Higher Education
• Amherst College, Bowdoin 1826
• Oberlin, Franklin, Harvard 1830s
• Lincoln University (PA) 1856
• Wilberforce (OH) 1856

36
Leadership

• James Forten - sailmaker of Philadelphia
• Richard Allen - AME Bishop
• Absalom Jones - businessman in Philadelphia
• William Wells Brown - writer, historian
• James Boon - NC artisan
• Thomas Day - NC cabinetmaker
• Solomon Humphries - Macon, GA grocer
• Martin Delany - physician,
• Harvard, writer

37

• Samuel Cornish- editor 1st paper Freedoms
  Journal
• Frederick Douglass - editor North Star 1847
• Charlotte Forten- lecturer, writer, teacher
• John Mercer Langston - politician, lawyer
• Mary Ann Shadd Cary - teacher, editor
• Henry Highland Garnet - minister, activist
• Peter Humphries Clark - educator

38
Sectional Splits (after War of 1812)

• Differing interests Industrial vs. Agricultural
• Representation in Congress
• Tariffs
• Cultures

39
Internal Slave Trade (external closed in 1808)

• Integrated into society
• businesses, auctioneers, planters, newspapers,
  traders (5-30 profit), benevolent organizations
• Centers
• Upper South Baltimore, Washington, Richmond,
  Norfolk, Charleston
• Deep South/West Memphis, Montgomery, New Orleans

40

• Slavebreeding most approved way to increase
  capital
• VA slavebreeding state 6000 per yr.
• bounties, prizes, infants 200
• Slave hiring to spread out investment, prestige,
  avoid stigma of sale, temporary help
• Responsibilities food, clothing,
• shelter, wages
• Uses field, factories, mines,
• railroad, canals

41

• Persistence of African/
• External Slave Trade
• Enforcement difficult punishment, bond,
  forfeiture
• NY to New Orleans merchants, banks benefit
• Leads to split in South
• Upper keep closed
• Lower open to spread ownership, democracy,
  costs

42

• 1834 Pres. Van Buren wants law
• to preserve honor
• 1841 Pres. Tyler complains
• about increase
• 1850 movement to reopen
• 1859 Secession movement
• Need to keep border states leads
• to Confederate
• Constitution forbids African
• slave trade

43

• Antislavery Movement
• Begins in Black communities
• Philadelphia, Boston, New York
• pre-1800 Free African Society
• by 1830 30 groups in Philadelphia
• Quakers Society of Friends (egalitarian,
  antiwar)

44

• Antislavery Societies American and
  American/Foreign
• moral suasion and political wings
• role of women in antislavery movement
• Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
• Sojourner Truth
• Harriet Tubman

45

• Antislavery vs. Slavery
• Precipitating Events
• Missouri Compromise 1820 (36º 30)
• David Walkers Appeal 1829 militant antislavery
• William Lloyd Garrisons
• The Liberator 1831
• moral suasion
• Nat Turners insurrection 1831

46

• Political antislavery parties
• Liberty Party 1840
• Free Soil Party 1848
• Antislavery newspapers Freedoms Journal, Colored
  American, Antislavery Bugle, National Watchman,
  North Star
• Mexican War 1846 - 8

47

• Compromise of 1850
• California free, Fugitive Slave Law
• Underground Railroad conductors, stations,
  conveyances, tactics
• goal Canada
• Uncle Toms Cabin 1852
• Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• popular sovereignty
• Bloody Kansas 200 killed, 2 million

48

• Senator Sumner beaten in Congress 1856
• Dred Scott decision 1857
• North saw slave power conspiracy

49

• John Browns Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA 1859
• Election of Lincoln 1860 (Republican Party
  industrialists, reformers, former Whigs)
• Secession of South Carolina

50
Civil War

• Secession
• Fort Sumter
• Political considerations
• Keep border states in Union,
• Fight for broad goal preserve union

51

• Role of Blacks
• Union Army
• War Dept. 1861 Confiscation Act contraband
• 1862 fugitives
• use labor to raise cotton on abandoned lands
• federal govt. census, land, protection
• National Freedmans Relief Association

52

• Military role Militia Act repealed 1792 bar of
  persons of color from serving in militia
• Free Blacks and ex-slaves recruited
• Emancipation Proclamation 1863

53

• Discrimination
• 10 a month-clothing vs. 13 clothing
• no Black officers
• Confederates no Black prisoners
• Roles labor, cooks, etc.
• Equipment inferior
• Died of diseases 2x whites
• 186,000 served
• 10, 93,000 S, 40,000 border, 53,000 N
• Deaths 2800 combat, 34,000 disease

54

• Confederacy
• Plantation roles
• The Planter
• Spies
• Front lines labor, cooks, manservants
• Soldiers? 1864-5
• Victory 1865

55
Reconstruction 1865-1877

• Economic triumph of industrialism
• Production for military needs
• Protective tariff
• Railroads connect to West
• Technology inventions, standardized parts
• New forms of economic organization corporation,
  holding company, monopoly
• New populations immigration, cultural
  differences

56

• Political heal hatreds
• Conflicting policies
• Executive vs. Legislative
• amnesty vs. disfranchisement of ex-Confed.
• swear allegiance vs. iron clad oath
• 10 convention vs. majority

57

• Chaos assassination of Lincoln
• accession of Johnson slave state, pressure of
  new industrialists, corruption

58

• Radical Republicans gain control
• Thirteenth Amendment 1865 ends slavery
• Fourteenth Amendment 1868 citizen rights (vote)
  to Black males
• Fifteenth Amendment 1870 no state denies
• Reconstruction Act 1867 military districts
• Civil Rights Act 1875

59
Amendment XIII
(adopted 1865)
Section 1
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
as a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject
to their jurisdiction.
60
Amendment XIV
(adopted 1868)
Section 1
All persons born or naturalized in the
United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge
the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law nor deny to any person within its
jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
61
Amendment XIV
Section 2
Representatives shall be apportioned among the
several States according to their respective
numbers, counting the whole number of persons in
each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when
the right to vote at any election for the choice
of electors for President and Vice-President of
the United States, Representatives in Congress,
the Executive and Judicial officers of a State,
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the continued
62
Amendment XIV
Section 2
male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one
years of age, and citizens of the United States,
or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens
twenty-one years of age in such State.
63
Amendment XV
(adopted 1870)
Section 1
The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2 The Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
64

• Decline of Reconstruction
• Republican coalition declines
• Economic depressions and labor unrest
• Collapse of Fusion politics
• Black codes replace slave codes
• Sharecropping replaces slavery
• Debt peonage, convict lease
• Supreme Court declares Civil Rights Act illegal
• Compromise of 1877 -
• Hayes-Tilden election

65
Blacks in the West

• Indian Territory By 1870s,
• Blacks flourished
• 27 Black towns
• 5,000 Black cowboys one-third were men of color
  (21 BlackMexican) wrangler, cowboys, riders and
  ropers, cooks, foremen
• Racial discrimination in wages, working
  conditions, social relations (whore houses
  segregated where white women)
• Some became ranchers

66

• Buffalo Soldiers all Black regiments, Indian
  fighters, later served in Spanish American War
  and pursued Pancho Villa into Mexico

67
Individuals

• Bass Reeves deputy US marshall for 32 years
• Britton Johnson tracked Comanche and Kiowa
  raiders to their villages to free his family and
  other white captives
• Bill Pickett developed sport of bulldogging as
  star of rodeos
• Isaiah Dorman died with Gen. Custer in 1876
• Deadwood Dick Nat Love, friend of Bat Masterson,
  cattle driver and Indian fighter

68
Outlaws

• Ned Christie accused of murdering marshall,
  killed by cannon
• Dick Glass used bulletproof vest to lure law
  officers to death
• Cherokee Bill cold-blooded killer and train
  robber
• Rufus Buck Gang 5-man crime spree, brought down
  by 7 hr. gun battle of 100 law officers

69
Settlers

• California Allensworth, Mary Pleasant, Biddy
  Mason
• Colorado Clara Brown, Angel of the Rockies
• Kansas Fever 1870s Exodusters Pap Singleton
• Oklahoma Black towns Boomers

70
Africa the World
King Menes unifies Egypt, becomes
pharoah. Hieroglyphics developed.
Nile settlements achieve civilization
Knowledge of agriculture reaches Egypt
Settlements develop along Nile River
5000 4500 4000 3500
3000 2500 2000
B.C.
71
Africa the World
Civilization flourishes in Indus Valley
Egyptians conquer Kush. Agriculture develops
in sub-Saharan Africa
Old Kingdom
Earliest Mesopotamian Civilization
3000 2500 2000 1500
1000 500 B.C./A.D.
B.C.
72
Africa the World
New Kingdom
Hyksos establish dynasty in delta region
Second Intermediary Period
Middle Kingdom
3000 2500 2000 1500
1000 500 B.C./A.D.
B.C.
73
Africa the World
Palestine and Kush independent from Egypt
Amonhotep rebels against state religion
Pharoahs of 17th dynasty drive out Hyksos
Hatshepsut declares herself pharoah
1500 1250 1000 750
500 250 B.C./A.D.
B.C.
74
Africa the World
Golden Age begins in Greece
Assyrians drive Kushites from Egypt
Kush rules Egypt
Farming and herding spread throughout Africa
1000 800 600 400
200 B.C./A.D. 200
B.C.
75
Africa the World
Roman Empire at its peak
Meroë prospers
Rule by Ptolemy and his descendents
Alexander the Great conquers Egypt
400 300 200 100
B.C./A.D. 100 200
B.C.
A.D.
76
Africa the World
Ezana defeats Kush
Bantu speaking people expand territory
50 100 150 200
250 300 350
A.D.
77
African Background Origins Early Civilizations
Kush ?-250 B.C.
Egyptian conquest 2000 B.C.
Egypt 3000 B.C. - 300 A.D. multiethnic society
Alexander the Great conquest 332 B.C.
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
500 B.C./A.D. 500
B.C. A.D.
78
North American Slaveholders Occupational
Preferences in African Slaves
African Ethnicity Occupation
Preferred Culture
House servant Mandingo Mande
Yoruba (Nagoes) Cross River Dahomean
(Fon), Fanti Akan
Artisan Bambara, Melinke Mande
Whydah, Pawpaw (Popo) Akan Coromantee
(Asante- Fante)
79
North American Slaveholders Occupational
Preferences in African Slaves
African Ethnicity Occupation
Preferred Culture
Rice Cultivator Temne, Sherbro, Mande
Mende, Kishee (Kisi), Papel,
Goree, Limba, Bola, Balante
Vai, Gola, Bassa, Grebo Mano River
80
North American Slaveholders Occupational
Preferences in African Slaves
African Ethnicity Occupation
Preferred Culture
Field Slave Calabar, Ebo (Igbo), Niger
Delta Efik, Ibibio Cabinda,
Bakongo, Bantu Malimbo, Bambo,
Ndungo, Congo, Balimbe,
Badondo, Bambona, Luba,
Loango, Luango, Umbundu, Ovimbundu
Pembe, Imbangala
81
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Missouri Compromise (3630)
u States rights, nullification doctrine
u Development of two distinct socioeconomic
systems and cultures
u Slavery in the South
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800
1850 1900
A.D.
82
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Compromise of 1850
u Mexican War (Wilmot Proviso, Calhoun and
Popular Sovereignty
u Antislavery movements, southern justification
u South Carolina tariff nullification crisis
1600 1650 1700 1750 1800
1850 1900
A.D.
83
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Breakdown of Whig party national
Democratic party creation of a new party
system with sectional basis
u Fugitive slaves returned rescued in
North personal liberty laws passed in
North Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms
Cabin
1850 1852 1854 1856 1858
1860 1862
A.D.
84
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Ostend Manifesto other expansionist
efforts in Central America u Formation of
Republican party u Kansas-Nebraska Act
1850 1852 1854 1856 1858
1860 1862
A.D.
85
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Dred Scott decision proslavery
Lecompton constitution in Kansas
u Bleeding Kansas Senator Summer
physically attacked in Senate
1850 1852 1854 1856 1858
1860 1862
A.D.
86
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u John Browns raid reactions in North
South
u Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois
Democrats lose 18 seats in Congress
1850 1852 1854 1856 1858
1860 1862
A.D.
87
Major Events Leading to Civil War
u Six more southern states secede by February 1
Confederate Constitution adopted February
4 Lincoln inaugurated March 4 Fort Sumter
attacked April 12
u Democratic party splits in half Lincoln
elected president South Carolina secedes
from Union
1850 1852 1854 1856 1858
1860 1862
A.D.