Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System

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Functional Organization of the Central Nervous
System
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• Nervous System
• Central Nervous Peripheral Nervous
• System System
• Brain Spinal Cord

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• Central Nervous System is Organized in three ways
• 1. Hierarchical Organization
• 2. Lateralized Organization
• 3. Localized Organization

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• Hierarchical Organization
• Building a CNS from the bottom up to
  understand hierarchical control from the top down
  
• a Spinal cord
• Do we have behavior with only a SC?

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• Reflexes
• monosynaptic reflex arc and
  pain
• b. Add Hindbrain and Cerebellum
• inactive
• decerebrate
  rigidity
• rudimentary
  location
• vital functions

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• c. Add Midbrain
  spontaneous locomotion
• sleep and wake
  cycles
• slight decrease in
  rigidity
• seeing and
  hearing

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• d. Hypothalamus Thalamus
• drives
• homeostatic mechanisms
• emotions (unchecked)
• hyperactivity

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• e. Basal Ganglia
• Slight decrease in hyperactivity
• Perseveration appears, inability to
• shift set

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f. Limbic System normalization
of activity emotions ability to remember

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g. Cerebral Cortex normal
functioning individual differences

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• Lateralized Organization (more later)
• Right Side controls left vice-versa
• Left Hemisphere Functions
• e.g., language, analytical
  reasoning
• Right Hemisphere Functions
• e.g., spatial skills, processing
  music
• Conservation of Nervous System
• Preservation of Language in Humans

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• Localized Organization
• Caution this is not phrenology
• - Brain centers for behavior intricately
• connected with other brain areas involved
  in the same or related behavior
• - localization of sensation (primary
  secondary areas), motor (primary secondary),
  general areas of language (reading, talking,
  verbal reasoning), and spatial reasoning

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Nomenclature

• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon
• Mesencephalon
• Metencephalon
• Myelencephalon

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Neuroanatomical Ogranization

• Spinal Cord
• white matter vs gray matter
• myelination of axons
• dendrites, cell bodies and
  terminals
• are not myelinated
  
• dorsal horn ventral horn

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• Brainstem
• medulla, pons midbrain
• a. Medulla (Myelencephalon)
• center for vital functions
• decussation of the pyramids
• crossing over for most
• nerve fibers
• b. Pons (Metencephalon)
• numerous cranial nerves
• reticular formation
• raphe nucleus and sleep

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• c. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Superior Colliculus
• Inferior Colliculus
• Central Gray (periaqueductal gray)
• Substantia Nigra
• Ventral Tegmentum
• Schizophrenia Parkinsons
  
• disease

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• 3. Cerebellum (Metencephalon)
• smooth coordination of practiced
• movements
• integrates sensory motor
• cognitive functions (with frontal lobe)

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• 4. Hypothalamus (Diencephalon)
• 22 sets of nuclei
• homeostasis, biological rhythms
• drives
• Thalamus (Diencephalon)
• Relay Station
• Topographic arrangement with cortex

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• Basal Ganglia (Telencephalon)
• Striatum (Caudate Putamen)
• Globus Pallidus
• Substantia Nigra

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• Limbic System (Telencephalon)
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Nucleus Accumbens
• Prefrontal Cortex, Cingulate Cortex
• Hypothalamus

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• Cerebral Cortex (Telencephalon)
• - 6 layered structure
• - Four lobes Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• - sulcus (i) fissure (s) (lateral, central)
• - gyrus (i)

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• Features of the Cerebral Cortex
• note more on this later
• Somatosensory Cortex (homunculus)
• Motor Cortex (homunculus)
• Visual Cortex
• Auditory Cortex

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Think about these questions while you prepare for
the test

• What is the significance of the homunculi as far
  as observable behavior is concerned?
• How do higher brain areas influence lower brain
  areas?
• What do localization, lateralization and
  hierarchical organization mean in reference to
  behavior?