Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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Introduction to Human Anatomy Physiology

• ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
• 1. Anatomy is the branch of science that
  deals with the structure
• (morphology) of body parts their forms
  and arrangements.
• 2. Physiology is concerned with the functions
  of body partswhat they
• do and how they do it.
• 3. It is difficult to separate the topics of
  anatomy and physiology because
• the structures of body parts are so
  closely associated with their
• functions.
• II. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• 1. The traits that humans share with other
  organisms
• a. movement- self initiated change in
  position (motion)
• b. responsiveness- ability to sense and
  react to change
• c. growth- increase in body size without
  changing shape
• d. reproduction- process of making a new
  individual
• e. respiration- process of obtaining
  oxygen

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• f. digestion- process by which
  various food substances are chemically
• changed into simpler forms
• g. absorption- passages of
  substances through membranes
• h. circulation- movement of
  substances from place to place within the body
• i. assimilation- changing of
  absorbed substances
• j. excretion- removal of wastes
• 2. Each of these characteristics of life
  depends upon physical and chemical changes that
• occur within the body these changes are
  referred to as metabolism.
• III. MAINTENANCE OF LIFE
• A. Needs of organisms include water, food,
  oxygen, heat, and pressure
• 1. Although organisms need the above
  materials, this alone does not ensure survival.
• B. Homeostasis is the tendency to maintain a
  stable internal environment.
• 1. Homeostasis mechanisms help regulate
  body temperature and blood pressure.
• 2. If an organism is to survive, the
  conditions within its body fluids must remain
• relatively stable.
• IV. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• 1. The body is composed of parts that
  occupy different levels of organization.
• a. material substances are composed of
  atoms
• b. atoms join together to form
  molecules

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• f. tissues are organized into organs
• g. organs that function closely
  together comprise organ systems
• h. organ systems constitute the
  organism

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• V. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
• 1. The Human Organism is a complex structure
  composed of many
• parts. Its major features include
  several Body Cavities, layers of
• membranes within these cavities, and a
  variety of organ systems.

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• A. Body Cavities
• 1. The human organism can be divided
  into an axial portion, which
• includes the head, neck, and trunk
  and an appendicular portion,
• which includes the arms and legs
• 2. The axial portion of the body
  contains the dorsal and ventral cavities
• a. dorsal includes the cranial and
  spinal cavities
• b. ventral includes the thoracic and
  abdominopelvic cavities
• 3. Thoracic and abdominopelvic
  membranes
• a. Thoracic membranes
• 1. pleural membranes line the
  thoracic cavity and cover the lungs
• 2. mediastinum separates the
  thoracic cavity into right and left
• compartments
• 3. pericardial membranes
  surround the heart and cover its
• surface
• b. Abdominopelvic membranes
• 1. peritoneal membranes line
  the abdominopelvic cavity and
• cover the organs inside

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• B. Organ Systems
• 1. The human organism consists of several
  organ systems.
• 2. Body Covering
• a. integumentary system include the
  skin and various accessory
• organs such as the hair, nails,
  sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
• 1. protect underlying tissues, help
  regulate body temperature, house
• sensory receptors, and
  synthesize certain products
• 3. Support and Movement
• a. skeletal system is composed of
  bones, cartilages, and the
• ligaments that bind bones
  together
• 1. provides a framework,
  protective shields, and attachments for
• muscles it also produces
  blood cells and stores inorganic salts
• b. muscular system includes the
  muscles of the body
• 1. responsible for body
  movements, the maintenance of posture,
• and production of body heat

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• 4. Integration and Coordination
• a. nervous system consists of the
  brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
• sense organs
• 1. functions to receive impulses
  from sensory parts, interpret these
• impulses, and act on them by
  causing muscles or glands to
• respond
• b. endocrine system consists of
  glands that secrete hormones
• 1. hormones help regulate
  metabolism
• 2. includes the pituitary,
  thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands
• the pancreas, ovaries,
  testes, pineal gland, and thymus gland
• 5. Processing and Transporting
• a. digestive system receives foods,
  converts food molecules into
• forms that can pass through cell
  membranes, and eliminates
• materials that are not absorbed
  produce hormones
• 1. includes the mouth, tongue,
  teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,
• esophagus, stomach, liver,
  gallbladder, pancreas, small and
• large intestines

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• b. respiratory system provides for the
  intake and output of air and for
• the exchange of gases between the
  air and the blood
• 1. includes the nasal cavity,
  pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
• lung
• c. circulatory system transport
  oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
• wastes
• 1. includes the heart, which pumps
  the blood and blood vessels,
• which carry blood to and from
  the body parts
• d. lymphatic system is composed of
  lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
• thymus, and spleen
• 1. transports lymph from the
  tissues to the bloodstream and aids
• aids in defending the body
  against disease causing agents
• e. urinary system includes the
  kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
• urethra
• 1. filters wastes from the blood
  and helps maintain water and
• electrolyte balance

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• f. reproduction systems are concerned
  with the production of new
• organisms
• 1. male reproductive system
  includes the scrotum, testes, urethra,
• and penis, which produce,
  maintain, and transport male sex cells
• 2. female reproductive system
  includes ovaries, uterine tubes,
• uterus, vagina, clitoris,
  vulva, which produce, maintain, and
• transport female sex cells
• VI. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
• 1. Terms with precise meanings are used to
  help investigators
• communicate effectively.
• 2. The anatomical position is standing
  erect, the face is forward, and the
• arms are at the sides, with the palms
  forward

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• a. relative position terms are used to describe
  the location of one part with
• respect to another part
• b. body sections are planes along which the body
  may be cut to observe to
• relative locations and arrangements of
  internal parts
• c. body regions are various body regions are
  designated by special terms

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Quick Review

• Answers must be in complete sentences.
• Read over the Introduction on page 2 in your
  textbook and answer questions 1 and 2.
• What factors probably stimulated an early
  interest in the human body?
• What idea sparked the beginning of modern
  science?
• How are the characteristics of life related to
  metabolism?
• Why is homeostasis important to survival?
• What is meant by visceral organs?
• What organs occupy the dorsal cavity?
• Name the cavities of the head.
• Describe the general function of each organ
  system.
• Describe the anatomical position.
• Describe three types of body sections.

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• Quiz Tomorrow (Tuesday, January 12, 2010)
• Lecture Notes
• You must know the following info
• Difference between anatomy and physiology
• The characteristics of life
• Levels of organization
• The body parts that make up the axial and
  appendicular portion
• Body cavities and their membranes
• The function of each organ system

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• Short Answers Use complete sentences
• Define anatomy and physiology.
• List and describe the (8) levels of organization.
• Several pairs of structures are given next. In
  each case, choose the one that meets the
  condition given first.
• a. Distal the knee/the foot
• b. Lateral the cheekbone/the nose
• c. Superior the neck/the chin
• d. Anterior the heel/the toenails
• e. External the skin/the skeletal
  muscles
• At the Clinic Use complete sentences
• A nurse informed John that she was about to take
  blood from his antecubital region. What part of
  the body was she referring to? Later, she came
  back and said she was going to give him an
  antibiotic shot in the deltoid region. Did he
  take off his shirt or drop his pants to get the
  shot? Before John left the office, the nurse
  noticed that his left sural region was badly
  bruised. What part of the body was bruised?
• 5. Jennie Dip fell of her motorcycle and tore
  a nerve in her axillary region. She also tore
  ligaments in her cervical and scapular regions
  and broke the only bone of her right branchial
  region. Explain where each of her injuries is
  located.