Human Biotechnology

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Human Biotechnology
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Human Biotechnology

• is about you and me, not about other creatures on
  Earth
• could a perfect person be in the near future

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Human Biotechnology

• we are not sure if we want one, or if we do, what
  traits we would want

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The Human Organism

• humans are similar to other animals, but major
  differences
• scientific name of human Homo Sapiens

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The Human Organism

• first Homo Sapiens on earth- 300,000 to
  400,000years ago
• each body cell of a human has 46 chromosomes

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The Human Organism

• human consists of cells, tissue, organs, organ
  systems
• humans are primates (180 species of animals are
  primates), but still quite different

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The Human Organism

• organ systems do a lot of work (e.g. the heart -
  at age of 70 it has pumped 46 million gallons)

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The Human Organism

• heart failure is leading cause of the human death
• skeleton protects the internal organs

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The Human Organism

• ligaments are tissues that hold the skeleton
  together
• skin covers the body and maintains the body
  temperature

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The Human Organism

• nerve endings in skin sense pain, cold, heat
• brain provides response to these conditions

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The Human Organism

• muscles provide movement
• cells must have nutrients to correctly function

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The Human Organism

• digestive system breaks food into useful
  substances
• respiratory system provides oxygen to the body
  and rids it of carbon dioxide

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The Human Organism

• gas exchange with the blood occurs in the lungs

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The Human Organism

• circulatory system (heart, blood vessels) carries
  oxygen from the lungs for the cells and brings
  wastes to the lungs and kidneys

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The Human Organism

• urinary system removes certain wastes from blood
  and flushes them from the body

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The Human Organism

• wastes move to urinary bladder and is squeezed
  from the body through the urethra
• reproductive systems vary with gender

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The Human Organism

• mammary system develops in females (milk for
  babies)

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Life Process

• includes growth and repair, obtaining food and
  nutrients, circulation, respiration, secretion,
  sensation movement, and elimination

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Life Process

• reproduction - human continues as new generations

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Life Process

• humans have high developed brain and gives us the
  abilities to speak, to reason, to create
  technology

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Life Process

• to stand up right, to walk on two legs
  distinguish us from the primates
• humans live longer and develop slower

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Human Development

• is the progressive maturation of an individual
  from birth until death
• culture consists of the ways individuals have
  developed to go about life

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Human Development

• characteristics are transmitted from one to
  another generation

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Developmental Stages

• combination of biological and cultural
  advancement has several developmental stages

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Developmental Stages

• common stages are -Infancy-Preschool-Child
  Years-Teenage Years-Adulthood

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Biotech Supports Development

• used to promote health
• ethical decisions are involved
• people vary about the view of biotech

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Human Genomics

• is all of the genes that comprise the genetic
  makeup of humans
• is the total genetic composition of humans

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Human Genomics

• efforts are now underway to identify all genomes
• will allow isolation, treatment, replacement of
  defective ones

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Human Genome Project

• (HGP) is an international effort of involving
  scientists, educators, students in locating and
  identifying every human gene

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Human Genome Project

• HGP
• large task
• will provide insight into evolution

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4 Approaches

• Genetic Mapping
• Physical Mapping
• Sequencing
• Analyzing genomes of other species

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4 Approaches to HGP

• Genetic Mapping
• Physical Mapping
• Sequencing
• Analyzing genomes of other species

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Background

• Human Genome Organization (HUGO) is an
  international group that coordinates HGP
• formed in 1988

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Background

• Canada, Italy, France, UK, USA are active
• efforts with mice, bacteria, plants

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Background

• 3 bacterial genomes have been completed
• progress has been more rapid than expected
• widespread use of HGP information in 2010

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Findings

• human organism has about 100,000 genes
• has 23 pairs of chromosomes - 22 autosomal
  chromosome pairs and 1 sex chromosome pair ( YY
  or XX)

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Findings

• more than 3 billion base pairs in haploid genome
• an autosome is a chromosome that is not sex
  chromosome

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Findings

• physical maps show locations of and distances
  between genes and DNA fragments

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Findings

• genetic linkage map shows the relative
  arrangement and distance between genes
• then DNA gets sequenced

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Helping Humans live better

• scientist have been manipulating genes at the
  molecular level
• these efforts improve human well being

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Helping Humans live better

• downs syndrome is a disease in which a baby is
  born with an extra chromosome

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Helping Humans live better

• 1 in 600- 800 babies is born with it
• having a baby with down syndrome increase with
  the mothers age

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Helping Humans Live Better

• small head, enlarged tongue, eyes that slant
  upward
• many die within year
• no treatments available

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Gene Therapy

• is the transfer of genes to a human organism
• make up of a human is altered

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Gene Therapy

• procedure is controversial
• once therapy is done, the human is a GMO
  (genetically modified organism)

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Vaccine

• help the body to recognize and fight disease
• use weakened or killed germs for a virus to
  introduce antigen proteins attached to a virus

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Vaccine

• body builds resistance
• vaccine for hepatitis is made by inserting the
  gene responsible for this antigen into yeast cells

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Vaccine

• each yeast cell makes a copy of itself and the
  antigen gene
• antigen is later purified

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Vaccine

• when injected into the body, antigen stimulates
  the production of antibodies that combat hepatitis

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Prosthetics

• is the use of artificial parts of the human body
• includes the study and use of mechanical devises
  to replace or supplement natural human parts

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Prosthetics

• that includes joint replacements, heart
  peacemakers, intraocular lenses

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Prosthetics

• a dialysis machine is a kind of prosthesis that
  performs functions normal kidneys would do in
  removing wastes from blood

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Prosthetics

• biocompatibility - implanted devices must be
  mechanically fit for the purpose and not rejected
  by the body

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Prosthetics

• externally used devices must provide the
  appropriate mechanical action and support

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Prosthetics

• carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that
  develops when people do the same activities over
  and over
• mechanical devices are used to promote healing

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Diagnostics

• is the identification of a human health problem
  or other conditions
• knowing the approach to use in treating disease
  requires accurate diagnosis of condition

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Genomics and Computers

• diagnosis relies on human genetic information
• computer databases are being used in diagnostics
• help matching genes with health conditions

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Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

• Microdissection is a method of obtaining pure
  cells from diseased sections of tissue

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Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

• is often used to test for precancerous cells or
  invading cancer cells

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Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

• molecular analysis can be used to study the cells
  for evidence of disease

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Microdissection and Molecular Analysis

• allows comparison with diseased DNA stored in
  microdissected libraries or bulk tissue libraries