Animal Biotechnology

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Animal Biotechnology
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Animal Biotech

• Animals provide a number of products we use in
  every day life.
• Milk
• Leather
• Wool

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Animal Biotech

• Eggs
• Meat

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Roles of Animals in Biotech

• Animals are involved in lab experiments.
• Without the use of animals humans might be in
  danger.

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Animal Models

• 4 models apply for the use of animals.
• Living animals
• Living animal tissues or systems
• Non-Living systems

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Animal Models

• Computer and Mathematical approaches

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Living Animals

• These animals are living and usually have no
  threat to their well being.
• Such animals may be known as laboratory or
  scientific animals.

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Living Animals

• Agricultural Research often uses experimental
  groups of animals.

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Living animal tissues or systems

• Animal tissues can be cultured in a lab.
• This saves the use of animals as well as the
  expense of feeding, housing, and cleaning up
  after the animals.

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Non-Living Systems

• Involves using non living mechanical models that
  reflect animal activity.
• These often relate to skeletal movement and
  locomotion

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Non-Living Systems

• Artificial replacement parts, such as hip joints
  can be studied using non living systems.

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Computer and mathematical approaches

• Computer simulations with virtual reality and
  other uses help in biotechnology.
• Computer modeling may be done with a propose
  biotechnology practice before it is tested with
  animals.

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Laboratory animals

• A laboratory animal is an animal used for
  laboratory or research purpose.
• Good tending is needed to assume that the
  research is properly carried out.

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Laboratory animals

• Without research involving animals, scientists
  would not have a base.

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Animal Species

• Most animals are subjects of study at one time or
  another.
• Most common species used in research laboratories
  are mice, rats, and hamsters.

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Animal Species

• A primate is an animal with thumb and forefinger
  opposition.
• A non human primate is similar to humans but is
  not a human.

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Animal Reproduction

• Reproduction is a process by which offspring are
  produced.
• Sexual Reproduction is the union of a sperm and
  egg to ultimately produce a new individual.

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Animal Reproduction

• The union of the sperm and egg is called
  fertilization.
• Semen- the fluid produced by the male
  reproductive organs, contains sperm.

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Animal Reproduction

• Copulation- is the sexual uniting of animals so
  the male can ejaculate semen near the eggs in the
  reproductive tract of the female.

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Reproductive Development

• Puberty-is the time at which an animal is capable
  of reproduction.
• Fertilization- union of the sperm and egg results
  in the formation of a zygote

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Reproductive Development

• Gestation- is the period of pregnancy in animals.
• Parturition- is the birthing process.
• Lactation- is the secretion of milk by the
  mammary glands.

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Reproductive Development

• Dry time is a time when mammals are not lactating.

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The Estrous Cycle

• Estrous is a time when a female is fertile and
  receptive to a male.
• The estrous cycle is the time between the estrous.

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The Estrous Cycle

• The three periods in the estrous cycle that
  follow estrous are metestrus, diestrus, and
  proestrus.

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Artificial Insemination

• Artificial insemination is the transfer if
  collected semen to a recipient female. It is
  used with sheep, beef cattle, turkeys, and swine.
• Generally female estrous cycles are regulated
  with hormone injections.

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Artificial Insemination

• Sperm are collected from males by artificially
  promoting ejaculation.

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Gender Preselection

• Gender preselection is choosing the gender of a
  potential offspring.
• Gender preselection may be done by sorting sperm.

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Gender Preselection

• The DNA content of sperm varies slightly based on
  the gender of the offspring that would result
  from conception.

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Embryo Transfer

• Embryo transfer is the harvesting of fertilized
  ova from a donor and implanting them into a
  recipient.
• The harvested embyros are transferred to a
  recipient.

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Embryo Transfer

• Non surgical transfer involves flushing the
  embryos from the uterine horn.

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Bovine Somatotropin

• Bovine somatotropin is a natural occurring growth
  hormone produced in the pituitary gland in the
  endocrine system.
• By treating dairy cattle with the hormone, milk
  production is increased approximately 15.

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Bovine Somatotropin

• Some small dairy producers do not use BST and
  incorporate that fact in their advertising.

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Transgenic Animals and Products

• Pigs- have been used to manufacture human
  hemoglobin.
• A xenograft is the practice of grafting an organ
  or a tissue from one species into another.

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Transgenic Animals and Products

• Mice- transgenetic mice have been used in several
  ways.
• One of the best known is to produce human
  antibodies.
• Cattle- are used to control disease such as
  mastitis in dairy cows.

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Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step One- collect embryos
• With proper stimulation far more embryos can be
  obtained than would be the natural result of the
  reproductive process.

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Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step Two- Inject embyros.
• A pro nucleus is the haploid nucleus of the sperm
  or ovum that have united in fertilization to form
  a zygote.

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Methods of creating transgenetic animals

• Step Three- Zygote Culture
• The zygotes are placed in the oviduct of a
  recipient female.