APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

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APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

• AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
July, 2002
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WAYS OF GROUPING ANIMALS

• Basis of body structure and functions
• Where they naturally live
• Extent of domestication
• The products they provide humans

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GROUPS OF ANIMALS BASED ON BODY STRUCTURE

• INVERTEBRATES - 97 of all animals are
  invertebrates. Includes earthworms, spiders,
  butterflies, snails and lobsters.
• Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
• VERTEBRATES - Animals that have a backbone.
• Includes fish, birds and mammals.

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ARTHROPODS

• Have hard outer shells or coverings.
• Crustacea - Shrimp, crawfish, lobsters and crab
  are examples.
• Uniramia - Honeybee is an example
• Chelicerata - Mites, ticks, spiders and scorpions
  are examples.
• Annelids - Earthworms and leeches

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VERTEBRATES

• Osteichthyes - About 25,000 species of bony fish.
• Aves - Includes about 9,000 species of birds.
• Mammalia - Includes species of animals produced
  for food and fiber.

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ANIMALS PRODUCED ON FARMS

• TERRESTRIAL - Live on land.
• AQUATIC - Live in water or a water environment.

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ADAPTING TO CLIMATE

• Cattle with humps are adapted to warmer, wetter
  climates than those breeds without humps.
• Camels, scorpions, owls and snakes are adapted to
  very dry desert climates.

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ANATOMY

• Is the study of the form, shape and appearance of
  animals.
• Gross anatomy deals with structures that can be
  seen with the human eye.
• Microscopic anatomy focuses on structures that
  require the use of magnification to be seen, such
  as cells and sperm.

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EIGHT MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS

• RESPIRATORY
• EXCRETORY
• DIGESTIVE
• REPRODUCTIVE

• SKELETAL
• MUSCULAR
• NERVOUS
• CIRCULATORY

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TYPES OF BONES

• COMPACT BONE - Made up of rings of mineral
  crystals and protein fibers.
• SPONGY BONE - Contains red bone marrow, which
  produces blood cells.

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM

• Largest system in the body.
• Makes up 45 of the body weight of hogs, cattle
  and chickens.
• Voluntary - Controlled by the thinking part of
  the brain.
• Involuntary - Controlled by the lower part of the
  brain. Operates the heart, intestine, lungs and
  other organs.

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SUBSYSTEMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain and spinal cord
• AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Contains the nerves
  that are connected to the involuntary muscles and
  organs.
• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Includes all of the
  nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

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NAME/FUNCTION OF PARTS OF THE BLOOD

• PLASMA - 90 water helps dissolve substances
  such as glucose, vitamins, minerals and amino
  acids.
• RED BLOOD CELLS - Made in the red marrow of
  bones contains hemoglobin (molecule that carries
  oxygen in the blood)
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS - Help fight off disease.
• PLATELETS - Essential for blood to clot.

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FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• HEART - Pump that sends blood throughout the
  system.
• ARTERIES - Carry blood from the heart.
• CAPILLARIES - Small branches that carry blood to
  the cells.
• VEINS - Carry blood back to the heart.

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KINDS OF RESPIRATION

• INTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases
  between the cells and the blood within the body.
• EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases
  in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere.

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PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• NOSTRILS - Incoming air is warmed, filtered and
  moistened by the hairs and mucous membrane.
• PHARYNX - Connects the nose area with the mouth.
• LARYNX - Produces sounds voice box
• TRACHEA - Connects the pharynx with the lungs.
• LUNGS - Gas is exchanged between the atmosphere
  and the blood.

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PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• SKIN - Water and minerals are given off through
  the skin, helps regulate body temperature.
• KIDNEY - Filter the blood liquid produced is
  urine.
• BLADDER - Stores urine made by the kidneys.
• URETHRA - Tube that carries urine out of the
  body.

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TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS

• RUMINANT Cattle, sheep and goats.
• NON-RUMINANT Horses, hogs and chickens.

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PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• MOUTH - Food enters the body by ingestion or
  eating.
• ESOPHAGUS - Connects the mouth and the stomach.
• STOMACH - Ruminants have four parts and
  non-ruminants have one.

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PARTS OF A RUMINANT STOMACH

• RUMEN - Known as the paunch contains bacteria
  that breaks down the food.
• RETICULUM - Stores food and sorts out foreign
  materials (nails, wire, etc.).
• OMASUM - Contains muscular walls that help break
  down the food apart.
• ABOMASUM - Gastric juices are mixed with the food
  to help the digestive process.

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NON-RUMINANTS STOMACH

• SMALL INTESTINE - Absorption of nutrients and
  water takes place in the small intestine.
• LARGE INTESTINE - Slow contractions occur, which
  move the solid materials along.
• ANUS - Opening in the body through which the
  large intestine expels solid wastes.

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ADVANTAGES OF RUMINANTS

• Can utilize large amounts of roughage (grass,
  clover, etc.).
• Non-ruminants need a food of higher nutritive
  value Ruminants require less grain.
• Able to graze on land that could not be used to
  produce crops.

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SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS IN POULTRY

• Chickens, ducks, turkeys, and other poultry have
• mouth
• crop- (where eaten food is stored)
• glandular stomach
• muscular stomach- (gizzard)
• intestines

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• VULVA External part of the female reproductive
  tract.
• VAGINA Muscular tube-like organ that connects
  the vulva and cervix.
• CERVIX Entrance to the uterus.
• UTERUS Where the fetus develops.
• OVIDUCTS Fertilization takes place.
• OVARIES Produces the eggs.

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• PENIS Deposits sperm in the vagina of the
  female.
• URETHRA Long tube that extends from the urinary
  bladder to the end of the penis.
• SEMINAL GLANDS Produces fluids that help the
  male produce viable sperm.
• SEMINAL VESICLES Produces a fluid that nourishes
  the sperm.

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MALE SYSTEM (CONT)

• SPERM DUCTS Connects the urethra with the
  testicles also stores sperm.
• TESTICLES Produces sperm.
• SCROTUM Pouch of skin that holds the testicles.
  Has a slightly lower temperature than the body
  increases sperm production.

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PUBERTY

• Age at which animals are capable of reproduction.
• Cattle 8-12 months
• Hogs 4-7 months

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ESTRUS CYCLE

• Cycle in the female reproductive system that
  prepares it for reproduction
• Heat part of the cycle, the female is receptive
  to being bred by the male.
• Release of eggs in the oviduct.
• Cows and horses normally release only one egg
  sheep and goats may release 2-4 eggs. Hogs may
  release 15-20 eggs.

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GESTATION CYCLE

• It is the period between fertilization and full
  development of the fetus.
• Cattle - 281 days
• Swine - 114 days
• Sheep - 148 days
• Mare - 336 days

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HOW POULTRY ARE DIFFERENT

• Chickens, turkeys and other poultry do not give
  birth to live young. Lay eggs and are hatched in
  21 days if properly incubated.
• Poultry do not have mammary glands and dont
  produce milk for their young.