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APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

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APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office July, 2002 WAYS OF GROUPING ANIMALS ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE


1
APPLYING PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
  • AGRISCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education
Curriculum Office
July, 2002
2
WAYS OF GROUPING ANIMALS
  • Basis of body structure and functions
  • Where they naturally live
  • Extent of domestication
  • The products they provide humans

3
GROUPS OF ANIMALS BASED ON BODY STRUCTURE
  • INVERTEBRATES - 97 of all animals are
    invertebrates. Includes earthworms, spiders,
    butterflies, snails and lobsters.
  • Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
  • VERTEBRATES - Animals that have a backbone.
  • Includes fish, birds and mammals.

4
ARTHROPODS
  • Have hard outer shells or coverings.
  • Crustacea - Shrimp, crawfish, lobsters and crab
    are examples.
  • Uniramia - Honeybee is an example
  • Chelicerata - Mites, ticks, spiders and scorpions
    are examples.
  • Annelids - Earthworms and leeches

5
VERTEBRATES
  • Osteichthyes - About 25,000 species of bony fish.
  • Aves - Includes about 9,000 species of birds.
  • Mammalia - Includes species of animals produced
    for food and fiber.

6
ANIMALS PRODUCED ON FARMS
  • TERRESTRIAL - Live on land.
  • AQUATIC - Live in water or a water environment.

7
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE
  • Cattle with humps are adapted to warmer, wetter
    climates than those breeds without humps.
  • Camels, scorpions, owls and snakes are adapted to
    very dry desert climates.

8
ANATOMY
  • Is the study of the form, shape and appearance of
    animals.
  • Gross anatomy deals with structures that can be
    seen with the human eye.
  • Microscopic anatomy focuses on structures that
    require the use of magnification to be seen, such
    as cells and sperm.

9
EIGHT MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
  • RESPIRATORY
  • EXCRETORY
  • DIGESTIVE
  • REPRODUCTIVE
  • SKELETAL
  • MUSCULAR
  • NERVOUS
  • CIRCULATORY

10
TYPES OF BONES
  • COMPACT BONE - Made up of rings of mineral
    crystals and protein fibers.
  • SPONGY BONE - Contains red bone marrow, which
    produces blood cells.

11
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
  • Largest system in the body.
  • Makes up 45 of the body weight of hogs, cattle
    and chickens.
  • Voluntary - Controlled by the thinking part of
    the brain.
  • Involuntary - Controlled by the lower part of the
    brain. Operates the heart, intestine, lungs and
    other organs.

12
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Brain and spinal cord
  • AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - Contains the nerves
    that are connected to the involuntary muscles and
    organs.
  • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - Includes all of the
    nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

13
NAME/FUNCTION OF PARTS OF THE BLOOD
  • PLASMA - 90 water helps dissolve substances
    such as glucose, vitamins, minerals and amino
    acids.
  • RED BLOOD CELLS - Made in the red marrow of
    bones contains hemoglobin (molecule that carries
    oxygen in the blood)
  • WHITE BLOOD CELLS - Help fight off disease.
  • PLATELETS - Essential for blood to clot.

14
FOUR MAJOR PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • HEART - Pump that sends blood throughout the
    system.
  • ARTERIES - Carry blood from the heart.
  • CAPILLARIES - Small branches that carry blood to
    the cells.
  • VEINS - Carry blood back to the heart.

15
KINDS OF RESPIRATION
  • INTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases
    between the cells and the blood within the body.
  • EXTERNAL RESPIRATION - Is the exchange of gases
    in the lungs between the blood and the atmosphere.

16
PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  • NOSTRILS - Incoming air is warmed, filtered and
    moistened by the hairs and mucous membrane.
  • PHARYNX - Connects the nose area with the mouth.
  • LARYNX - Produces sounds voice box
  • TRACHEA - Connects the pharynx with the lungs.
  • LUNGS - Gas is exchanged between the atmosphere
    and the blood.

17
PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
  • SKIN - Water and minerals are given off through
    the skin, helps regulate body temperature.
  • KIDNEY - Filter the blood liquid produced is
    urine.
  • BLADDER - Stores urine made by the kidneys.
  • URETHRA - Tube that carries urine out of the
    body.

18
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
  • RUMINANT Cattle, sheep and goats.
  • NON-RUMINANT Horses, hogs and chickens.

19
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  • MOUTH - Food enters the body by ingestion or
    eating.
  • ESOPHAGUS - Connects the mouth and the stomach.
  • STOMACH - Ruminants have four parts and
    non-ruminants have one.

20
PARTS OF A RUMINANT STOMACH
  • RUMEN - Known as the paunch contains bacteria
    that breaks down the food.
  • RETICULUM - Stores food and sorts out foreign
    materials (nails, wire, etc.).
  • OMASUM - Contains muscular walls that help break
    down the food apart.
  • ABOMASUM - Gastric juices are mixed with the food
    to help the digestive process.

21
NON-RUMINANTS STOMACH
  • SMALL INTESTINE - Absorption of nutrients and
    water takes place in the small intestine.
  • LARGE INTESTINE - Slow contractions occur, which
    move the solid materials along.
  • ANUS - Opening in the body through which the
    large intestine expels solid wastes.

22
ADVANTAGES OF RUMINANTS
  • Can utilize large amounts of roughage (grass,
    clover, etc.).
  • Non-ruminants need a food of higher nutritive
    value Ruminants require less grain.
  • Able to graze on land that could not be used to
    produce crops.

23
SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS IN POULTRY
  • Chickens, ducks, turkeys, and other poultry have
  • mouth
  • crop- (where eaten food is stored)
  • glandular stomach
  • muscular stomach- (gizzard)
  • intestines

24
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  • VULVA External part of the female reproductive
    tract.
  • VAGINA Muscular tube-like organ that connects
    the vulva and cervix.
  • CERVIX Entrance to the uterus.
  • UTERUS Where the fetus develops.
  • OVIDUCTS Fertilization takes place.
  • OVARIES Produces the eggs.

25
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
  • PENIS Deposits sperm in the vagina of the
    female.
  • URETHRA Long tube that extends from the urinary
    bladder to the end of the penis.
  • SEMINAL GLANDS Produces fluids that help the
    male produce viable sperm.
  • SEMINAL VESICLES Produces a fluid that nourishes
    the sperm.

26
MALE SYSTEM (CONT)
  • SPERM DUCTS Connects the urethra with the
    testicles also stores sperm.
  • TESTICLES Produces sperm.
  • SCROTUM Pouch of skin that holds the testicles.
    Has a slightly lower temperature than the body
    increases sperm production.

27
PUBERTY
  • Age at which animals are capable of reproduction.
  • Cattle 8-12 months
  • Hogs 4-7 months

28
ESTRUS CYCLE
  • Cycle in the female reproductive system that
    prepares it for reproduction
  • Heat part of the cycle, the female is receptive
    to being bred by the male.
  • Release of eggs in the oviduct.
  • Cows and horses normally release only one egg
    sheep and goats may release 2-4 eggs. Hogs may
    release 15-20 eggs.

29
GESTATION CYCLE
  • It is the period between fertilization and full
    development of the fetus.
  • Cattle - 281 days
  • Swine - 114 days
  • Sheep - 148 days
  • Mare - 336 days

30
HOW POULTRY ARE DIFFERENT
  • Chickens, turkeys and other poultry do not give
    birth to live young. Lay eggs and are hatched in
    21 days if properly incubated.
  • Poultry do not have mammary glands and dont
    produce milk for their young.
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