Animal Nutrition

1
Chapter 41

• Animal Nutrition

2
Figure 41.0 Animals eating foal, bear, and stork
3
Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Herbivores
• Carnivores
• Omnivores

Diet Provides

• Chemical Energy
• Organic Molecules
• Essential Amino Acids and Fatty Acids
• Vitamins
• Essential Nutrients
• Minerals

4
Essential Nutrients and Carbon Skeletons

• Biosynthesis
• Essential Nutrients
• Vary From Species to Species
• Amino Acids
• 8 for Adults, 9 Infants
• Fatty Acids
• Unsaturated Linoleic Acid
• Vitamins
• Fat Soluble A, D, E, K
• C and B complex - Water Soluble
• Minerals

5
Figure 41.3 Obtaining essential nutrients
6
Figure 41.4 Essential amino acids from a
vegetarian diet
7
Table 41.1 Vitamin Requirements of Humans
Water-Soluble Vitamins
8
Table 41.1 Vitamin Requirements of Humans
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
9
Table 41.2 Mineral Requirements of Humans
10
Opportunistic Feeders

• Variation
• Herbivores, Omnivores, Carnivores
• Suspension Feeders
• Substrate Feeders
• Deposit feeders
• Liquid feeders
• Bulk Feeders

11
Figure 41.6 Suspension-feeding a baleen whale
12
Figure 41.7 Substrate-feeding a leaf miner
13
Figure 41.8 Fluid-feeding a mosquito
14
Figure 41.9 Bulk-feeding a python
15
Overview of Food Processing

• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Mechanical
• Enzymatic Hydrolysis
• Absorption
• Elimination

16
Specialized Compartments

• Intracellular Digestion
• Extracellular Digestion
• Gastrovascular Cavity
• Hydra
• Gastrodermal Cells
• Extracellular
• Intracellular

17
Figure 41.10 Intracellular digestion in
Paramecium
18
Figure 41.11 Extracellular digestion in a
gastrovascular cavity
19
Digestive Cavities

• Incomplete
• Complete
• Alimentary Canal
• Peristalsis
• Sphincters
• Associated Organs
• Salivary Glands
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder

20
Figure 41.12 Alimentary canals
21
Figure 41.13 The human digestive system
22
Alimentary Canal

• Oral Cavity
• Chewing
• Saliva
• Tongue
• Bolus
• Pharynx
• Epiglottis
• Glottis

23
Alimentary Canal

• Esophagus
• Peristalsis
• Voluntary Then Involuntary
• Salivary Amylase Remains Active

24
Figure 41.14 From mouth to stomach the
swallowing reflex and esophageal peristalsis
(Layer 1)
25
Figure 41.14 From mouth to stomach the
swallowing reflex and esophageal peristalsis
(Layer 2)
26
Figure 41.14 From mouth to stomach the
swallowing reflex and esophageal peristalsis
(Layer 3)
27
Alimentary Canal

• Stomach
• Cardiac Sphincter
• Food Storage
• Churning
• Chyme
• Pyloric Sphincter
• Secretions
• Mucous Cells Mucus, Gastrin
• Chief Cells Pepsinogen
• Parietal Cells HCl , Ph 1- 4

28
Figure 41.15 Secretion of gastric juice
29
Figure 41.16 The duodenum
30
Alimentary Canal

• Small Intestine
• Pancreas, Liver/gallbladder, Small Intestine
• All Contribute to Digestion
• Carbohydrates
• Pancreatic Amylase and Disaccharidases
• Protein
• Trypsinogen

Trypsin

• Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Polypeptides to
  Shorter Chains
• Carboxypeptidase, Aminopeptidases, Dipeptidases

31
Alimentary Canal

• Small Intestines
• Nucleotide Digestion
• Nucleases DNA to Short Nucleotides
• Nucleotidases and Nucleosidases
• Fat Digestion
• Emulsification Bile Salts
• Pancreatic Lipase

32
Figure 41.17 Enzymatic digestion in the human
digestive system
33
Absorption

• Small Intestine Folds 300m2
• Villi
• Microvilli
• Lacteals Lipids As Fat/Protein/Cholesterol
• Complex, Chylomicrons
• Amino Acids and Sugars to Capillaries
• Hepatic Portal Vessels to Liver
• Storage or Conversion or Release

34
Figure 41.19 The structure of the small intestine
35
Figure 41.x1 Large intestine
36
Large Intestine

• Cecum, Appendix
• Water Reabsorption
• 1.5m
• Intestinal Bacteria, Vitamin K,
• biotin, folic acid, B vitamins
• Formation of Feces

37
Figure 41.20 Dentition and diet
38
Figure 41.21 The digestive tracts of a carnivore
(coyote) and a herbivore (koala) compared
39
Figure 41.22 Ruminant digestion
40
Figure 41.x2 Termite and Trichonympha
41
Figure 41.1 Homeostatic regulation of cellular
fuel