Maintenance of Life

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2303103
Unit 3 Maintenance of Life
??? ?.?. ??.??????? ??????????????? ??????? 12
???????
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TOPICS
1. Obtaining and digesting of food (1.5 ??.)
(Digestive system) 2. Gas exchange breathing
system (1.5 ??.) (Respiratory system) 3.
Internal transport (2 ??.) (Circulatory
system) 4. Immune system (1.5 ??.) 5. The control
of internal environment (1 ??.) 6. Chemical
control (1.5 ??.) (Endocrine system) 7.
Nervous system and the sense (2 ??.) 8. Animal
locomotion (1 ??.)
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immune sys tem
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-?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????? -???
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? (digestive system) ????????????
(respiratory system) ?????????????????????????????
??????????????? (excretory system)
-????????????????? (circulatory system)
????????????????????? ? ??????????? -?????????????
???????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????
??? ??????????????? ???????????????
-????????????????????????????????????????
(nervous system) ????????????????? (endocrine
system)
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TOPICS
1. Obtaining and digesting of food
(Digestive system) 2. Gas exchange breathing
system (Respiratory system) 3. Internal
transport (Circulatory system) 4. Immune
system 5. The control of internal environment 6.
Chemical control (Endocrine system) 7.
Nervous system and the sense 8. Animal locomotion
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?????????????
1. Campbell NA, Reece JB. 2002. Biology 6th ed.
Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco. 2. Hopson
JL, Wessells NK. 1990. Essentials of Biology.
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York. 3.
Postlethwait JH, Hopson JL. 1995. The Nature of
Life 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
New York. 4. John GB. 2003. The Living World 3rd
ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New
York. 5. Solomon EP, Berg LR, Martin DW. Biology
6th ed. Thomson Learning, USA.
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1. OBTAINING AND DIGESTING OF FOOD (DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM)
undernourishment ???????????(deficient in
calories) ??????????? overnourishment
????????????????????????????? malnourished
??????????????????????? (essential nutrients)
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???????????????????????????? 1.???????????????????
????? 2.????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ?????
?????????? 3.???????????????????????????? ?????
??????????????????????? ??????
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?????????????????(essential nutrient)
????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
?????? ?????????????????? ?? 4 ???? ???
1. Essential amino acid ??????????????????????????
???????????????????? ??????????? 20 ????
????????????????????(essential amino acid)
????? 8 ???????????????????????????? ???
Tryptophan, Methionine, Valine, Threonine,
Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Lysine
(?????????????? 9 ??? Histidine)
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2.Essential fatty acid ???????????????????
??????????????????(unsaturated fatty acid)
????????????? linoleic acid
3.??????? ??????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? 13 ??? ???????? 3.1
water-soluble vitamins ?????? B complex, C 3.2
fat-soluble vitamins ?????? A, D, E, K
4.???????? (minerals)
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Water-soluble vitamins
12
Fat-soluble vitamins
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?????????????????????????????????? ???? 2 ???
??? 1. Autotroph (auto self, trophe
nutrition) ?????????????????????????????????????
?????? ?????????????? ? 2. Heterotroph (hetero
other) ????????????????????????? ?????? ?????????
?
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???? Heterotroph ??????????????????????? ???? 3
???? ???
1. Herbivore ????????????????????? ???? ???,
???, ???????
2. Carnivore ??????????????????????? ????
????, ???
3. Omnivore ?????????????????????????????????
???? ???????, ???? ?????
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?????????????????????????????????(herbivore)??????
???
-????????????????????????????????????????????
-?????????????? ?????????? ????? (???)??? ????
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???????????????????????????????????(carnivore)????
?????

-?????????(incisor) ?????????(canine)???????
-??????????????????? ???
????????? ?????
-???????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????(omnivore
)?????????
-???????????????? -?????????????????? -???????????
(premolar) ???????? -???????????(molar)
????????????
-????????????????????
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???? Heterotroph ?????????????????? ???? 4 ????
???
1. Suspension feeder ????????????????????????????
??????????
2. Substrate or Deposit feeder ??????????????????
?????????????????????
3. Fluid feeder ?????????????????????????????????
???????
4. Bulb feeder ??????????????????????
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????????????????? (food processing) ??????????
1. Ingestion (??????) ????????????????????????
2. Digestion (???????) ??????????????????????
? ?????????????? 2.1 Mechanical digestion
-????????? 2.2 Chemical digestion
-????????????????? 3. Absorption (?????????) 4.
Elimination (?????????)
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???????(digestion) ???????????????????????????????
???????
1. Intracellular digestion in simple organisms
????????? (protists) ?????????
-????????????????????????????????????? -??????????
????????? (intracellular digestion) -???????????
????????????????????? food vacuole
???????????? -????????????????? anal pore
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2. Intracellular and extracellular digestion in
simple animals ??????????????(?????????) ???
cnidarians(???? ?????????, ?????)
-?? gastrovascular cavity ????????????????????,
????? ??????????????????????
-????????????????????????????????????
(incomplete digestive tract)
-??????????????????? gastrovascular cavity
????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? extracellular digestion
-????????????????????????????????? ?????
????????????????????? phagocytosis ????????????
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????????????????? extracellular digestion ???????
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3. Extracellular digestion in complex animals
????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
???????????
-???????????????(mouth)???????????(anus)
??????????? complete digestive tract ????
alimentary canal
??????????????
-crop ?????????????????????????????????
(????????????????????) -gizzard ????????????????
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?????????????????????
?????????? 1. ??????? (oral cavity) 2. ?????
(pharynx) 3. ????????? (esophagus) 4.
???????????? (stomach) 5. ????????? (small
intestine) 6. ????????? (large intestine or
colon) 7. ???????? (rectum) 8. ???????? (anus)
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??????? (oral cavity)
-????????????????????? 3 ??? -????????????????????
?????????? ??????????????? ????? mucin ???????
??????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????
????????????????
-????????????????? amylase ???????????????????????
??
-?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??? bolus
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?????????????????(pharynx and esophagus)
3.esophageal sphincter????????????????????????????
???
1.??????????????? esophageal sphincter?????
epiglottis?????? glottis???? -???????????????? -
???????????????
2.????????????????????????????????????
??????????(larynx)??? glottis?????????
epiglottis????????????????? -??????????????? -????
????????????
4.????????????-?????????????????(peristalsis)?????
??????????????? ???????????????
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??????????????????????????
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????????????(stomach)
??????????? (gastric gland) ??????????????? 3 ????
1.mucous cell ???????????????????????
???????????????????
2.parietal cell ????????????? (HCl)
3.chief cell ????? pepsinogen ???????????????
pepsinogen ???? pepsin
acid chyme ??????????????????
??????????????????
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???????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????
4)?????????cud???(3)?????????????????????? omasum
??????????????????
1)?????????????????????????????? ????????bolus
???????rumen
2)bolus????????????????????????reticulum
????rumen???reticulum ??symbiotic
prokaryotes???protists?????????????????????
??????????????????????
3)?????(cud)??????????(2)?????????????????????????
?
5)cud????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???? abomasum ???????????????????
?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
?????????????????????????????? ??? 3
??????????????????????????????????
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?????????(small intestine)
-?????????????????????????????????? ?????????
-??????????????????????????????????? ???? ??? 6
?.
-???????????????????????? duodenum ??? 25??.
?????????????????(acid chyme)???????????????
???????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????
????????????? peptidase enzyme 2
???? 1.Endopeptidase ???????????????????????????
???? trypsin, chymotrypsin 2.Exopeptidase
???????????????????????????
??????????????? ???? carboxypeptidase,
aminopeptidase (??????????????????????)
-dipeptidase ???? dipeptide
-???????????????????????????dipeptidase???????????
?????
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????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????
sucrase, maltase, lactase
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??????????????????????????????
-?????????????????????????????????????????(jejunum
???ileum) -????????????????????????
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?????????????(Lymphatic system)
-lymphatic system ????????????????????????????????
???????????????venae cava
-lymph ????????? lymphatic vessel (???????
valve) -lymph node ???????????????????????
lymph???????????????? ??????????????? connective
tissue ???????????????
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?????????(large intestine) ????????(rectum)
???????????(anus)
-???????????????????????????????????
-????????????????????????????? peristalsis????????
????????????? 12-24 ??.
-??????????????????????????? ????????????????????
??????????????
-????????????????????????????????? (sphincter) 2
??? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????
??????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????
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Peptidoglycan
Glycoprotein
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Lipopolysaccharide
Glycolipid