Four Stroke SI Engine Stroke 1: Fuel-air mixture introduced

1
Four Stroke SI Engine Stroke 1
Fuel-air mixture introduced into cylinder
through intake valve Stroke 2
Fuel-air mixture compressed Stroke 3
Combustion (constant volume) occurs
and product gases expand doing work Stroke
4 Product gases pushed out of the cylinder
through the exhaust valve

2
CylinderComponents
3
Four-Stroke SI Engine
Exhaust gas residual
IVO - intake valve opens, IVC intake valve
closes EVO exhaust valve opens, EVC exhaust
valve opens Xb burned gas mole fraction
4
Two Stroke SI Engine
5
Two-Stroke Scavenging
6
Two-Stroke SI Engine
EPO exhaust port open EPC exhaust port
closed IPO intake port open IPC intake port
closed
scavenging
Exhaust area
Intake area
7
Cylinder Arrangement

• Single-cylinder engine gives one power stroke per
  crank revolution
• (2 stroke) or two revolutions (4 stroke). The
  torque pulses are widely
• spaced, and engine vibration and smoothness are
  significant problems.
• Used in small engine applications where engine
  size is more important
• Multi-cylinder engines spread out the
  displacement volume amongst
• multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency
  of power strokes
• produces smoother torque characteristics. Engine
  balance (inertia forces
• associated with accelerating and decelerating
  piston) better than single
• cylinder.
• Most common cylinder arrangements
• In-line 4-cylinder
• In-line 6-cylinder
• V-6 and V-8

8
Power Regulation (Throttling)
An IC engine is basically an air engine, the
more air you get into the cylinder, the more fuel
you can burn, the more power you get out. The
initial pressure in the cylinder is roughly equal
to the pressurein the intake manifold. Pressure
in the intake manifold is varied by opening and
closing the throttle plate to change the pressure
drop. Maximum air flow (andpower) achieved at
wide-open-throttle (WOT). Minimum air flow at
idle
Fuel
Idle
WOT
9
Basic Carburetor Design
Air Flow
Venturi
Fuel
Throttle
Mixture to manifold
10
Fuel Injection System
Air intake manifold
Throttle
Fuel tank
During start-up the components are cold so fuel
evaporation is very slow, as a result additional
fuel is added through a second injecting valve
11
Superchargers and Turbochargers increase the
power of an IC engineby raising the intake
pressure and thus allowing more fuel to be
burnedper cycle. Knock or autoignition
phenomenon limit precompression. Superchargers
are compressors that are mechanically driven by
theengine crankshaft and thus represent a
parasitic load.
Pint gt Patm
Patm
Compressor
12
Turbochargers couple a compressor with a turbine
driven by the exhaust gas. The compressor
pressure is proportional to the engine speed
13
The peak pressure in the exhaust system is only
slightly greater than atmospheric small DP
across turbine. In order to produce enough power
to run compressor the turbine speed must be very
fast (100k-200k rev/min) long term reliability
an issue. It takes time for turbine to get up to
speed so when the throttle is opened suddenly
there is a delay in achieving peak power - Turbo
lag. Waste gate valve controls the exhaust gas
flow rate to the turbine. It is controlled by the
intake manifold pressure
EXHAUST FLOW
INTAKE AIR