Anatomical Kinesiology: Scaffolds, Communication and Motors

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Anatomical KinesiologyScaffolds, Communication
and Motors

• Human Scaffolding Skeletal System
• Communication link Nervous System
• Central Command
• Highways and backstreets
• Driving the system Muscles

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The Scaffold Skeletal System

• Structure
• Function

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The Scaffold Skeletal System

• Bones
• the challenge is to be strong for support and
  light for efficiency

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The Scaffold Skeletal System

• Bone structure
• compact and spongy bone
• collagen and calcium salts

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The Scaffold Joints

• A union between two or more bones
• synovial joints are common

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The Scaffold Joints

• Natural

• Artificial

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Planes of Motion
Frontal (back front)
Transverse (top bottom)
Midsagittal (left right)
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Skeletal disorders limiting physical activity

• Osteoarthritis involves
• age - uncommon before the age of 40
• sex - more common in women
• weight - being overweight increases the risk

• Rheumatoid arthritis
• involves inflammation of
• the synovial membrane
• the tendon sheaths
• the bursae

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Osteoporosis

• Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low
  bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue.
  This leads to increased bone fragility and risk
  of fracture, particularly of the hip, spine and
  wrist.

Normal Bone
Osteoporotic Bone
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Communication links Nervous system

• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System

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Brain Anatomy
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THE STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
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Nerves

• Afferent (sensory) nerves
• Efferent (motor) nerves
• Interneurons

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Nerves Come in all shapes and sizes
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Sensory Information

• Vision
• Audition
• Vestibular
• Proprioceptive
• Haptic
• Joint Receptors

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Sensory Information

• Proprioception involves

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MUSCLE SPINDLE
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GOLGI TENDON ORGAN
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Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendons Comparison
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Neurological Dysfunction

• Cerebral palsy
• Huntingtons disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Parkinsons disease

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Early Signs and Symptoms of Parkinsons Disease

• Other
• Micrographia
• Masked face
• Slowing of ADLs
• Stooped, shuffling gait
• Decreased arm swing when walking

• Cardinal Characteristics
• Resting tremor
• Bradykinesia
• Rigidity
• Postural instability

www.wemove.org
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Type of Muscle

• Cardiac
• Skeletal (muscle fiber)
• Smooth
• small intestine, urinary bladder, uterus,
  arteries and veins

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SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
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A MUSCLE FIBER
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The Sliding Filament Theory
w When myosin cross-bridges are activated, they
bind strongly with actin, resulting in a change
in the cross-bridge.
w The change in the cross-bridge causes the
myosin head to tilt toward the arm of the
cross-bridge and drag the actin and myosin
filaments in opposite directions.
w The tilt of the myosin head is known as a power
stroke.
w The pulling of the actin filament past the
myosin results in muscle shortening and
generation of muscle force.
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The Motor Unit
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Type of Motor Units

• Fast Twitch MU (II)
• Fibers
• Nerve

• Slow Twitch MU (I)
• Fibers
• Nerve

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Fiber Types Distribution in Athletes
Percentage of Muscle Fibers
From McArdle, Katch, Katch, 1991)
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Using Motor Units
1. 2.
1. 2.
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Contractions

• Isotonic (dynamic)
• Concentric
• Eccentric
• Isometric

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SENSORY-MOTOR INTEGRATION
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Adaptations with training

• Bone
• Nerve
• Muscle

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Summary

• Human Scaffolding Skeletal System
• Communication link Nervous System
• Central Command
• Highways and back-streets
• Driving the system Muscles